Hello again, and good morning!
I'm stuck inside for the day (I believe we're at about 6" and counting, supposed to snow/ice all day until midday tomorrow) - so what better task than to offer the leftovers from my January 31 auction? For those of you who aren't familiar, you can buy anything you want right here and right now - no buyer's premiums, no additional fees.
The Usual Specials:
*FREE shipping for any order over $100.
*All items priced at $1 are now .75 each
NOTE: I'm stuck inside, and it's snowing all day today and at least half of tomorrow. I will drop off any sales from this batch on WEDNESDAY MORNING. I'll still get you a tracking number right away, but I won't be able to take it to USPS (and my carrier does NOT do pickups, we tried that once.)
Each lot was individually imaged (front and back) for the auction - so the easiest way for you to see exactly what you're buying is to visit the auction link (mods: the auction is over, so I'm not advertising anything different or advertising an upcoming auction) - so here that is:
Invaluable or AuctionZip
Here is the required "prove you still have the stuff" photo with the username card and today's date:
PHOTO
Payment: PayPal only. I do not have Venmo/Zello/Bitcoin or any other form of digital payment at this time. No notes if using PPFF, please. (Thank you.) If you choose to use PPFF, please make sure to send me your shipping address here as it won't automatically load with your payment, and NO NOTES (thank you.)
Shipping: I will charge you what it costs me for the USPS label rounded up to the nearest dollar. For First Class that is usually $4, for USPS Priority Mail Flat Rate Small Box it will be $9. I will get you a tracking number right after payment is received and will get your package scanned into the USPS system within 24 hours of receipt of payment. I will offer "Risky Shipping" (via stamped greeting card) at my discretion for $1 - for single, small coins ONLY. NOTE: These prices are for Continental US shipping only - if you live outside the continental US, shipping will be more expensive. I am still happy to do it under the same rules as above, but just keep in mind it's going to cost more.
What do YOU need to do to buy coins from this group: send me a list of which lots you want (for example, I want to buy lots # 51, 52, 53, 54, 55) and I will send you a total. There are too many coins here (plus there are duplicates) so I cannot look up the coins you want by description - just give me lot numbers and it will be much simpler.
I'd like to make a simple and polite request - if I have sent you my PayPal information (meaning we've agreed to a deal) please finish it up as soon as you can so I can check you off the list and move on to the next person. This helps make sure you get all the coins we discussed and no one else is in limbo.
I will do my absolute best to update the ad as soon as lots sell.
LEFTOVERS:
51 1957 Type B Reverse Washington Quarter $6.00
53 1957 Type B Reverse Washington Quarter $6.00
54 1957 Type B Reverse Washington Quarter $6.00
55 1957 Type B Reverse Washington Quarter $6.00
56 1957 Type B Reverse Washington Quarter $6.00
58 1957 Type B Reverse Washington Quarter $6.00
60 1957 Type B Reverse Washington Quarter $6.00
64 1957 Type B Reverse Washington Quarter $6.00
65 1959 Type B Reverse Washington Quarter $6.00
66 1961 Type B Reverse Washington Quarter $6.00
67 British West Africa - 1940 1/10 Penny NICE $5.00
68 1961 Type B Reverse Washington Quarter $6.00
69 1961 Type B Reverse Washington Quarter $6.00
71 1976 Shelbyville Dam (Illinois) Elongated/Smashed Nickel Souvenir $3.00
73 1962 Type B Reverse Washington Quarter $6.00
75 1963 Type B Reverse Washington Quarter $6.00
76 1963 Type B Reverse Washington Quarter $6.00
77 Papua New Guinea - 2008 2 Kina UNC $2.00
78 Missouri Insurance Company (St. Louis) Good Luck Token $3.00
79 1900 India (Rama-Laksmana) Type C #1 (Brotman) Temple Token NICE $40.00
80 1963 Type B Reverse Washington Quarter $6.00
81 1963 Type B Reverse Washington Quarter $6.00
82 1963 Type B Reverse Washington Quarter $6.00
83 1955 General Motors "Motorama" Medal BU $15.00
84 1963 Type B Reverse Washington Quarter $6.00
85 1963 Type B Reverse Washington Quarter $6.00
86 Central States 70th Anniversary Convention Token Jerry Lebo Advertising $6.00
89 1963 Type B Reverse Washington Quarter $6.00
90 1963 Type B Reverse Washington Quarter $6.00
92 1963 Type B Reverse Washington Quarter $6.00
93 1963 Type B Reverse Washington Quarter $6.00
94 German East Africa (Tanzania) - 1916 T 20 Heller $10.00
96 5 Cent Trade Token NICE $3.00
97 1963 Type B Reverse Washington Quarter $6.00
98 Germany (Schleswig-Holstein) - 1923 10 Mark Notgeld UNC $10.00
100 EZ Park Courtesy Token $1.00
151 1963 Type B Reverse Washington Quarter $6.00
152 1963 Type B Reverse Washington Quarter $6.00
153 1963 Type B Reverse Washington Quarter $6.00
154 1963 Type B Reverse Washington Quarter $6.00
155 1964 Type B Reverse Washington Quarter $6.00
156 1964 Type B Reverse Washington Quarter $6.00
157 1964 Type B Reverse Washington Quarter $6.00
158 1964 Type B Reverse Washington Quarter $6.00
159 1964 Type B Reverse Washington Quarter $6.00
160 1964 Type B Reverse Washington Quarter $6.00
161 1964 Type B Reverse Washington Quarter $6.00
162 1964 Type B Reverse Washington Quarter $6.00
164 Great Britain - 1924 1/2 Penny $1.00
169 Portugal - 1921 10 Centavos NICE $10.00
170 Great Britain - 1925 1/2 Penny $1.00
176 Canada - 1921 1 Cent NICE $4.00
178 Great Britain - 1936 1/2 Penny $1.00
180 The TV Shop Slidell, LA One Wooden Buck $1.00
183 Great Britain - 1949 1 Penny NICE $2.00
184 Great Britain - 1949 1 Penny NICE $2.00
188 Great Britain - 1919 KN 1 Penny KEY DATE $5.00
193 State of Missouri Sesquicentennial Medal $2.00
194 State of Missouri Sesquicentennial Medal $2.00
196 2009 P Lincoln Cent "Formative Years" Doubled Die Reverse 002 UNC $2.00
197 2009 P Lincoln Cent "Formative Years" Doubled Die Reverse 002 UNC $2.00
198 Mexico - 1946 1 Centavo NICE $1.00
199 2009 P Lincoln Cent "Formative Years" Doubled Die Reverse 002 UNC $2.00
200 2009 P Lincoln Cent "Formative Years" Doubled Die Reverse 002 UNC $2.00
251 2009 P Lincoln Cent "Formative Years" Doubled Die Reverse 012 UNC $2.00
252 2009 P Lincoln Cent "Formative Years" Doubled Die Reverse 012 UNC $2.00
253 2009 P Lincoln Cent "Formative Years" Doubled Die Reverse 012 UNC $2.00
254 2009 P Lincoln Cent "Formative Years" Doubled Die Reverse 012 UNC $2.00
255 2009 P Lincoln Cent "Formative Years" Doubled Die Reverse 012 UNC $2.00
257 2009 P Lincoln Cent "Formative Years" Doubled Die Reverse 013 UNC $2.00
258 2009 P Lincoln Cent "Formative Years" Doubled Die Reverse 013 UNC $2.00
259 2009 P Lincoln Cent "Formative Years" Doubled Die Reverse 013 UNC $2.00
262 2009 P Lincoln Cent "Formative Years" Doubled Die Reverse 013 UNC $2.00
269 Maybrook NY Golden Jubilee Good For 10 Cent Wooden Nickel $1.00
270 Maybrook NY 1975 Golden Jubilee 25 Cent Wooden Nickel $1.00
274 2009 P Lincoln Cent "Formative Years" Doubled Die Reverse 013 UNC $2.00
276 2009 P Lincoln Cent "Formative Years" Doubled Die Reverse 013 UNC $2.00
278 1941 S "Large S" Lincoln Wheat Cent $1.00
280 2009 P Lincoln Cent "Formative Years" Doubled Die Reverse 012 UNC $2.00
281 1941 S "Large S" Lincoln Wheat Cent $1.00
283 1941 S "Large S" Lincoln Wheat Cent $1.00
288 1945 Walking Liberty Half Dollar Partially Missing Designer's Initials $12.00
293 1960's Terre Haute, IN Sesquicentennial Wooden Nickel $2.00
295 2009 P Lincoln Cent "Formative Years" Doubled Die Reverse 002 UNC $2.00
296 2009 P Lincoln Cent "Formative Years" Doubled Die Reverse 002 UNC $2.00
297 1864 Indian Head Cent $8.00
298 1982 Buffalo NY Sesquicentennial Wooden Nickel $1.00
299 1909 Indian Head Cent $2.00
352 Denmark - 1950 5 Ore KEY DATE $10.00
354 2009 P Lincoln Cent "Formative Years" Doubled Die Reverse 013 UNC $2.00
357 1990 Rappahannock Area Coin Club Wooden Nickel $1.00
358 Bank of Canada - 1 Sou Montreal $2.00
359 Province of Canada (Bank of Montreal) - 1844 Half Penny Token $3.00
360 Old Time Wooden Nickel Co Support Our Troops Wooden Nickel $1.00
361 1941 S "Large S" Lincoln Wheat Cent $1.00
362 1941 S "Large S" Lincoln Wheat Cent $1.00
363 Great Britain - 1893 1/2 Penny Countermarked $3.00
364 1980 D Jefferson Nickel Mint Error - Minor Curved Clip (@3:30) $3.00
367 France - 1946 C 5 Francs Open 9 SEMI KEY $5.00
368 French IndoChina - 1921 1 Centime $2.00
369 Madagascar - 1953 20 Francs NICE $5.00
371 Australia - 1951 3 Pence $2.00
375 50 Cents in Trade Token $1.00
377 Clear Lake, IA Perkins Wooden Nickel $1.00
378 50 Cents in Trade Token $1.00
379 Medallic Art Co Grand Canyon National Park 50th Anniversary Medal Bronze $3.00
382 Pomona National Bridge / Jackson County 200 Year Anniversary Medal $3.00
385 Illawarrra Numismatic Association Membership Discount Wooden Nickel Token $1.00
388 Artisan Silverworks Temecula, CA Wooden Nickel $1.00
389 Canada - 1966 1 Cent Emerald Toning $2.00
392 5 Cent Token $1.00
395 Denmark - 1904/804 1 Ore NICE $8.00
397 Germany (Empire) - 1874 G 1 Pfennig $10.00
398 Netherlands - 1921 1/2 Cent BETTER DATE $2.00
399 Netherlands - 1922 1/2 Cent BETTER DATE $4.00
400 Germany (Empire) - 1874 D 10 Pfennig $3.00
451 IBM Endicott Parking Token $1.00
454 "This is my lucky day" Game Piece Token $1.00
455 Brown's Tavern Laingsburg, Michigan 10 Cent Good For Trade Token $3.00
456 20 Werte Marke Token $1.00
457 India - 2011 10 Rupee UNC $1.00
458 Canada - 1948 5 Cents $1.00
459 India - 2011 10 Rupee UNC $1.00
460 Denmark - 1951 10 Ore NICE $5.00
461 India - 2013 10 Rupee UNC $1.00
462 India - 2013 10 Rupee UNC $1.00
463 Barbados - 1973 Proof 25 Cents in OGP $1.00
464 India - 2009 10 Rupee UNC $1.00
465 India - 2009 10 Rupee UNC $1.00
466 India - 2008 10 Rupee UNC $1.00
468 India - 2008 10 Rupee UNC $1.00
469 India - 2015 10 Rupee UNC $1.00
470 India - 2015 10 Rupee UNC $1.00
471 India - 2010 10 Rupee UNC $1.00
472 India - 2010 10 Rupee UNC $1.00
473 India - 2012 10 Rupee UNC $1.00
475 India - 2012 10 Rupee UNC $1.00
476 India - Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Shrine Board 10 Rupees UNC $1.00
477 India - Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Shrine Board 10 Rupees UNC $1.00
478 Mount Vernon, VA High School Token Overstruck on State Quarter $1.00
479 Mount Vernon, VA High School Token Overstruck on State Quarter $1.00
480 Barbados - 1980 Proof 25 Cents in OGP cello $1.00
484 2009 P Lincoln Cent "Formative Years" Doubled Die Reverse Book Low UNC $2.00
485 2009 P Lincoln Cent "Formative Years" Doubled Die Reverse Book Low UNC $2.00
486 Austria - 1893 10 Heller $1.00
487 2009 P Lincoln Cent "Formative Years" Doubled Die Reverse Book Low UNC $2.00
488 Netherlands East Indies - 1921 1/2 Cent NICE KEY DATE $8.00
489 Austria - 1895 10 Heller $1.00
490 Austria - 1894 20 Heller $1.00
493 Portland, Oregon Hesse Store Token $5.00
496 Kiau Chiau 1909 10 Cent ex- Jewelry $5.00
498 French IndoChina Watch Fob (2 coins linked) $2.00
499 India - 1976 10 Paise NICE $1.00
500 France - 1944 C 1 Franc $1.00
551 French IndoChina - 1923 1 Centime $1.00
554 Panama - 1975 Proof 1 Centesimo in OGP $5.00
561 Panama - 1975 Proof 5 Centesimos in OGP $1.00
562 Panama - 1976 Proof 5 Centesimos in OGP $2.00
564 South Africa - 1966 Proof 1 Cent LOW MINTAGE 25,000 $2.00
568 Panama - 1974 Proof 5 Centesimos in OGP cello $1.00
574 Barbados - 1973 Proof 1 Cent $1.00
584 Liberia - 1974 Proof 10 Cents in OGP $1.00
593 Mexico - 1923 5 Centavos NICE $5.00
594 Bahamas - 1970 Proof 1 Cent in OGP $1.00
595 Mexico - 1935 20 Centavos NICE $30.00
596 Token "10" Unknown origin $1.00
652 Indiana Sesquicentennial Medal 1966 $3.00
654 Alleppey Dist Treasury 286 Token $3.00
655 Creotina Remedies Belleville, IL Token $3.00
657 Mexico - 2001 1 Peso UNC in original cello $1.00
662 1970 S Silver Proof Kennedy Half Dollar $5.00
664 Malaysia - 1977 50 Sen TONED UNC $3.00
665 Franklin D Roosevelt $2 Trade Token Union Maystern $3.00
666 Great Britain - 1953 5 Shillings UNC (Crown sized) $5.00
667 Russia - 1994 50 Roubles Blind Mole Rat LOW MINTAGE UNC $3.00
672 Mint of Romania Aluminum Token UNC $3.00
673 Bahamas - 1973 and 1974 Proof 1 Cents in OGP (two coins) $1.00
674 1970 S Silver Proof Kennedy Half Dollar $5.00
677 Penny Press Mint 1 Dollar Token (Morgan Dollar Inspired Design) $2.00
678 France (Paris) Montmartre Auditing Firm "Good for one audition" Token $2.00
679 Thailand - Bangkok Institute of Accounting Token $1.00
681 1941 Mercury Dime Pin $4.00
682 Korea (Republic) - 1968 5 Won UNC $25.00
683 Korea (Republic) - 1973 50 Won NICE $5.00
684 Russia - 1994 50 Roubles Bison NICE LOW MINTAGE $2.00
686 State Mint of Romania Octagonal Token UNC $2.00
688 France - 1977 10 Francs TONED $2.00
690 Saarland - 1954 10 Franken UNC $8.00
692 Mount Vernon, VA High School Token $1.00
693 Korea (Republic) - 1967 10 Won NICE $5.00
694 Korea (Republic) - 1967 10 Won UNC $40.00
695 Princes of Jerusalem - Cahokia Council A.A.S.RITE Valley of East St Louis Token $3.00
697 Magic Mountain Valencia California Souvenir Token $2.00
698 Pearl Harbor, Hawaii Driver's Association "good for one full fare" token $2.00
699 1950 D Jefferson Nickel KEY DATE $4.00
700 Downtown Granite City (Illinois) Shopping Center Token $3.00
751 Canada - 1957 House of Commons Medal $3.00
752 1973 D Washington Quarter UNC RAINBOW TONED $2.00
753 Mr. Pizza (World's Worst Pizza) Wooden Quarter Token $1.00
754 National Pony Express Centennial Medal So Called Dollar UNC TONED $5.00
755 Pulaski Bowling Center Free Game Wooden Nickel Token $1.00
756 Four Canada 1991 UNC Cents (4 coins) in OGP CELLO $1.00
757 Four Canada 1991 UNC 5 Cents (4 coins) in OGP CELLO $1.00
758 1995 P Washington Quarter UNC RAINBOW TONED $2.00
760 1998 P Washington Quarter UNC RAINBOW TONED $2.00
761 Mexico - 2000 10 Pesos UNC in original cello $6.00
764 Ye Olde Curiosity Shop Seattle 25 Cent Wooden Nickel Token $1.00
765 Mexico - 2000 20 Pesos UNC in original cello $10.00
768 Morocco - AH1320 10 Mazunas $8.00
773 Diamond Dolls Pompano Beach, FL Free Hamburger Wooden Nickel Token $1.00
774 Nadine's Backwoods Bistro One Free Tap Beer Wooden Nickel Token $1.00
775 Ocean Springs Mini Golf One Free Game Wooden Nickel Token $1.00
777 1931 D Mercury Dime Better Date $5.00
778 Lansing, Michigan University Quality Inn One Free Well Drink Wooden Nickel Token $1.00
779 1931 D Mercury Dime Better Date $5.00
780 San Jose, California Donut Delight One Small Drink 40 Cents Wooden Nickel Token $1.00
781 H.E.B. Hustle Chip Wooden Nickel Token $1.00
782 Two Mixed Tokens $1.00
784 South Gate, California Robby's Tepee 1 Glass Draft Beer Wooden Nickel Token $1.00
785 Macadoo's One Free Sara Lee Bagle (with butter!) Wooden Nickel Token $1.00
786 Canada - 1970 1 Cent TONED $1.00
788 State Penal Institution 5 Cent Good For Token $3.00
789 Russia - 1992 10 Roubles UNC $3.00
790 Fishing Equipment & Tackle 10% Discount Wooden Nickel Token $1.00
791 District Treasury Alleppey 1860 Token Government of Kerala $2.00
792 Russia (Empire) - 1881 1 Kopek $1.00
793 Black Duck Buck Good For One Premium Drink Wooden Nickel Token $1.00
794 Goodles, Michigan Cook's Cobblestone One Free Beer Wooden Nickel Token $1.00
795 City of Jackson, Tennessee 5 Cent Parking Token $2.00
796 San Diego, California My Yogurt Place One Free Frozen Yogurt Sundae Wooden Nickel Token $1.00
797 Canada - 1939 Coronation Medal $2.00
798 Ellsworth, Maine Bicentennial Headquarters Wooden Nickel Token $1.00
799 Garden State Parkway Car Fare Token $1.00
800 Suwanee River Attractions 25 Cent Admission Wooden Nickel Token $1.00
851 Sunnyvale, California Odyssey Room 1 Free Drink Wooden Nickel Token $1.00
852 Great Britain - Queen Victoria 60 Years of Rule Medal $3.00
854 Belgium - 1944 2 Franc NICE $1.00
855 Fredericksburg, Virginia Rappahannock Area Coin Club Wooden Nickel Token One free month $1.00
857 Canada - 1962 "Hanging 1" 1 Cent UNC $5.00
858 Canada - 1962 "Hanging 1" 1 Cent UNC $5.00
859 Monarch Automatic Co Northhampton Good For One Coupon in Trading Token $2.00
860 Netherlands - 1881 1 Cent $1.00
861 Canada - 1963 "Hanging 1" 1 Cent UNC $5.00
862 Mexico - 2000 20 Pesos UNC in original cello $10.00
863 Fredericksburg, Virginia Rappahannock Area Coin Club Wooden Nickel Token One free month $1.00
864 Tullahoma, Tennessee The Finish Line Free Drink Wooden Nickel Token $1.00
865 Here's Johnny's 25 Cents off Purchase Wooden Nickel Token $1.00
866 $1 Good For Token Large $3.00
867 Canada - 1939 Coronation Medal $3.00
868 Boise, Idaho Miller's Sewing Center 25 Cent Needle Package Wooden Nickel Token $1.00
869 San Antonio, Texas Dan's 10861 FM "Round TUIT" Wooden Token $1.00
870 Belgium - 1836 2 Centimes $1.00
871 Vandalia, Ohio Skipper's $3 off purchase Wooden Nickel Token $1.00
872 Roseville, California Onyx Club One Free Beer Wooden Nickel Token $1.00
873 Long Beach, California Fayette Cleaners Wooden Nickel Token $1.00
874 Beckett, Massachussetts 1965 Bicentennial Lee National Bank 5 Cent Wooden Nickel Token $1.00
875 Munhall, Pennsylvania 5 Cent Wooden Nickel Token $1.00
876 Canada - 1963 "Hanging 1" 1 Cent UNC $5.00
878 1953 Queen Elizabeth Coronation Medal $3.00
881 Fredonia, New York Coyle's Pub One Free Drink Wooden Nickel Token $1.00
882 Monterey, California Wharfside Restaurant Complimentary Calimari Appetizer Wooden Nickel Token $1.00
883 Lyman, Wyoming Cecil Sanderson Military Token & Wooden Nickel Collector "Round TUIT" Token $1.00
884 Eastlake, Colorado Karl's Farm Dairy Inc 25 Cent Wooden Nickel Token $1.00
885 Elko, Nevada Ed's Coins & Currency "Cents of Humor" Wooden Nickel Token $1.00
886 Great Britain - 1874 1 Penny $4.00
887 Richmond Hot Stuff Deluxe Tattoo One Free Drink Wooden Nickel Token $1.00
889 Sacramento, California The Tides 1 Free Beer Wooden Nickel Token $1.00
890 Lancaster, Pennsylvania The Comic Store Free Comic Wooden Nickel Token RARE $1.00
891 Bennington, Vermont Bicentennial 1961 5 Cent Wooden Nickel Token $1.00
892 Torrance, California Old Towne Mall One Free Play Wooden Nickel Token $1.00
893 Duenweg, Missouri State Bank One Quart Token NICE $3.00
894 Rotary International Token $1.00
895 Great Britain - 1896 1 Penny $4.00
896 Canada - 1930 House of Commons Medal $3.00
897 Greenfield, Iowa Al's Shoe Service 5 Cents Wooden Nickel Token $1.00
898 Great Britain - 1863 1 Penny $2.00
899 Great Britain - 1891 1 Penny $2.00
952 Poland - 2006 2 Zlotych $3.00
953 Poland - 2003 2 Zlotych $3.00
954 Aurora, Illinois Dairy Queen Free Small Sundae Wooden Nickel Token $1.00
955 Mullan, Idaho Silver Dollar Bar 1 Free Drink Wooden Nickel Token $1.00
956 Poland - 2004 2 Zlotych $3.00
957 New Horizons Computer Learning Center Turkey Token 10 Auction Dollars Wooden $1.00
958 Great Britain - 1863 1 Penny $2.00
959 Great Britain - 1899 1 Penny $2.00
960 Great Britain - 1892 1 Penny $2.00
962 Lake of the Woods 40th Anniversary Token $2.00
963 The Travancore Bank Trivandrum #103 Token $1.00
965 Great Britain - 1863 1 Penny $2.00
966 1925 Larkin Dollar Medal BU $8.00
967 Great Britain - 1862 1 Penny $2.00
968 Palmolive Soap Chicago, Illinois Good For One Cake Token NICE $5.00
969 Duenweg State Bank Duenweg, Missouri Strawberry Token Good For 1 Crate $6.00
970 Dallas, Texas City Hall Token $1.00
972 Worldwide Bi-Metallic Collector's Club World Money Fair Encased Coin (Mexico 20 Centavos) $3.00
973 Worldwide Bi-Metallic Collector's Club World Money Fair Encased Coin (Mexico 20 Centavos) $3.00
975 Great Britain - 1862 1 Penny $2.00
977 Worldwide Bi-Metallic Collector's Club World Money Fair Encased Coin (New Zealand 5 Cents) $3.00
979 Worldwide Bi-Metallic Collector's Club World Money Fair Encased Coin (New Zealand 5 Cents) $3.00
980 Great Britain - 1894 1 Penny $2.00
981 Worldwide Bi-Metallic Collector's Club World Money Fair Encased Coin (New Zealand 5 Cents) $3.00
982 Great Britain - 1892 1 Penny $2.00
983 Worldwide Bi-Metallic Collector's Club World Money Fair Encased Coin (New Zealand 5 Cents) $3.00
984 Worldwide Bi-Metallic Collector's Club World Money Fair Encased Coin (New Zealand 5 Cents) $3.00
985 Great Britain - 1899 1 Penny $2.00
986 Great Britain - 1862 1 Penny $2.00
987 Harry S Truman US Mint Bronze Medal in OGP $3.00
989 Vietnam Veterans National Bronze Medal in OGP $3.00
990 Great Britain - 1881 H 1 Penny $5.00
991 Great Britain - 1877 1 Penny $2.00
992 2010 Korea Money Fair Token with original Flip $3.00
993 Matchless Metal Polish Co Liverpool 1906 Token $5.00
994 Great Britain - 1888 1 Penny $2.00
995 Marissa, Illinois 1967 Centennial Wooden Nickel Token $1.00
996 Central States Numismatic Society 2005 Token Original AirTite $2.00
997 Central States Numismatic Society 2005 Token Original AirTite $2.00
998 Central States Numismatic Society 2005 Token Original AirTite $2.00
1000 Worldwide Bi-Metallic Collector's Club World Money Fair Encased Coin (Euro 5 Cent) $3.00

I found myself endlessly curious about the diamonds that Harry wound up with in the wake of Skin Game. Not just their value, but the implications of what Harry could do with them. Oh, and for those of you who are remembering Anna Valmont’s advice, about selling a few of them here and there, over time—well, that’s a mortal’s best option. I’m pretty sure that Harry just happens to have a few alternatives available. I’m going to take a look later in the post. And, as I found out when I started to look into it…it all gets complicated. So this will be a fairly long post.
I know that someone has previously posted a rough estimate for the value of Harry’s share of the diamonds in the wake of Skin Game, but my impression that there numbers were…off. I also was pretty sure that Jim wasn’t going to give Harry hundreds of millions—or even trillions—of dollars in diamonds to play around with. Now, I that some of you consider that irrelevant, that Harry is “always” a pauper, and he’ll lose them shortly, one way or another.
Au contraire, I’m pretty sure that the whole point of Changes was that Harry changes. He cannot afford to be a pauper and “have nothing” any longer. He has to be responsible. One reason for that is Maggie. Harry can no longer afford to live in a crappy basement apartment. Including the fact that they need a very secure location, one not vulnerable to assassins, invasions, fire bombs—or kidnappers.
Point of fact, way back in Small Favor, Harry dreamed of having a house. A big house. Maybe even a castle. Well…now he can have those things. Once he gets…sorted out. Probably not right away. Not in timer for the next couple of books.
That’s a theme that Jim has been quietly working in the background for quite a while no. Sure, Harry loved his tiny basement apartment, his beaten up Blue Beetle, his Mickey Mouse alarm clock. But the reason he held them so dear wasn’t because of what he preferred, it was because of his abandonment issue. It’s simply that those things were his. They weren’t running away, they weren’t leaving him. Until they did, of course. But, as Jim has made crystal clear elsewhere, what Harry really wants is all of the things that Michael Carpenter has.
Call it homis envy. A big, comfortable house, happy kids, and a wife who loves him, who is his partner in every way. Not necessarily in that order. Oh, and a part of him is probably bewildered that the Carpenter family has never had a cat or dog. Well, of their own.
So we’ll come back to the things that Harry needs…and desires.
First, let’s try to get a realistic idea of the value of Harry’s diamonds. With the caveat that I am going to try to screw—er, to shortchange Harry at every turn. Not that Jim would ever, ever do something like that, but…um, just to be sure that we wind up with a baseline number that we’re talking about here. The minimum value that Harry could possibly have made it home with.
Not that I’d put it past Harry plunking a handful of diamonds down on someone’s desk, with zero idea of their actual value, and saying “I want a house.” And then just taking whatever made him happy, regardless of the realtor’s profit margin. But I don’t think that Harry is that dumb. And I don’t think that Murphy—or Molly—would let him do that.
Just a thought. Hades referred to this particular treasure room as his “armory”, even implied that the quest to take possession of of the artificats was a test. Of worthiness. Well, if Hades was willing to provide weapons necessary to fight a war—to the “worthy” party—well, why wouldn’t he also be willing to provide the *funding* for it? So, Harry needs that value, that money. He has a use for it going forward
Harry’s Needs
#1. A House
For the moment, I’m going to leave it at that. Mentioning all the dimensions of reconstructing his life and career would just take too long. And this is a big one.
Now then. On to my scholarly research.
Just to be safe, I’m going to try to estimate the minimum value of the diamonds Harry made it back from Hades vault with—with a single exception, one that has nothing to do with Harry. There are several parameters available for determining the low-ball value Harry managed to find himself obliged to take a share of. Forced to accept. Forced, I tell you!
One is the diamonds themselves. Another measure is the several and various containers that they are referred to as having been places in. First, a “heavy duty” backpack—half full. As it turns out, there was probably a reason Anna Valmont hadn’t filled her backpack completely, but we’ll come to that. Next, the five cash boxes. And then, finally, half of Harry’s share contained in two knotted off socks. Well, remember that they are likely Harry’s socks—and go with his “canoe-sized” shoes. At 6’8”, he probably wears at least a size 15 or 16 shoe.
Again, we’ll come back to that. One at a time.
The Diamonds
I started out by doing some research on the value of diamonds. I had always heard of the “Four C’s” and had an idea what that meant, so now I learned details. Cut, Color, Clarity and Carat. Once I got into the specifics, it didn’t take a whole lot of guesstimating to know what Hades’ diamonds would have graded at. In the first place, diamonds are plentiful, in the second place, Harry describes everything in the treasure room as in “fanatic good taste”.
Hades is a connoisseur. Only the very *best* for this god. No way he would have collected flawed or yellowish gems. For crying out loud, he had someone craft emeralds into topiary. You think his fountain “water” was going to be anything but pure white? For the sake of this exercise, everything top grade, in every vector. The one vector in which I am not going to attempt to short change Harry—because it would mean devaluing Hades as well. So here’s my underlying assumption—everything about these diamonds is the very top grade.
*please note that Jim is really the only person who can demur from this assumption. However, whether he took the time to consider the matter or not (clearly Harry didn’t), I think Jim might have a hard time disagreeing.
Cut: This one is pretty easy. These diamonds were in a fountain. They rolled. Round cut. Bingo, Excellent grade, Ideal, Astor, whatever system you’re using, the best of the best. Move on.
Color: The highest grade, absolutely colorless for a diamond, is “D”. Don’t ask me why, it simply is. I am not assuming that these diamonds happen to be the extremely rare “fancy colors”, outside of this grading scale, because that drives prices up even more. Next?
Clarity: No inclusions whatsoever. No surface blemishes. Flawless. Less than 1% of diamonds are Flawless. Hades wouldn’t have anything less. FL (Flawless) class.
Carat: Here is where it gets a little trickier. These diamonds are described as “tiny” and “easy to move”. I considered the various values, and decided that Hades wouldn’t be interested in anything less than 1 carat (200 milligrams or .2 grams). Those would just be chips, fragments or “junk”, and below a connoisseur’s notice. Also, not really sufficient for a uniform “stream”. I also decided that anything above 3 carats (.6 grams) would no longer classify as “tiny”. That fact being totally aside from the fact that anything above 3 carats is huge money—and not necessarily “easy to move”.
That given, on a quick search I was able to come up with stable prices for those three sizes of stone that fit all of the other requisite qualities.
1 carat: $11,000 2 Carat: $35,000 3 Carat: $125,000
*Please note that these are also ballpark numbers. For example, I found general references that one carat diamonds could go up to $16,000, maybe even $25K. However, on a cursory check, I never actually found any for sale online at those prices. 11K was a pretty standard price. So, we’ll file the prices listed above under the heading of “cheating Harry”. Also, these prices appear to be the price of individual stones ready to be mounted in a fitting. I’m not digging any more deeply.
Now then. I pondered those three possibilities. The stones in that stream could have been any size. Fractions of a carat from 1 carat all the way up to 3 carat. A mixture of all of the above. However, for the sake of this argument, our plan is that we are going to lowball Harry all across the board. Also for simplicity’s sake, we’re going to assume that these stones are all a uniform 1 carat each—however many that proves to be. Conflict-free, they aren’t “hot”, there is no reason any jeweler or diamond merchant wouldn’t happily jump all over purchasing these diamonds.
If Jim wants to determine the diamonds aren’t all 1 carat each, that’s for him to say. Or that any of my other assumptions are in error. Fair enough?
Given all of the above considerations, one pound of perfect one carat diamonds comes to a whisker (.038) under 2268 full stones. At the rates listed above, that single pound comes to a shade under $25 million—five or so more diamonds that size would do it. So, for estimating purposes, close enough.
1 pound = ~$25,000,000
Some other specific baseline numbers:
5 lbs = 11,339 1 ct diamonds = $124,729,000 per share. Harry’s half share = $62,364,000
10 lbs = 22679 1 ct = $249,469,000. Harry’s share = $124,734,500
15 lbs = 34019 1 ct = $374,209.000. Harry’s share = $187,104,500
20 lbs = 45,359 1 ct = $498,949,000 Harry’s share = $249,474,500
Feel free to make your own guesstimations. As we go, I’ll try to give you reasons to justify various weights, but that’s a general guess, a guideline. A reference point. I’ll say here that the very smallest weight in diamonds that I can calculate Harry having would be 3.45303 pounds. That would be about 7,831 one carat stones, or about $86 million at the given rate. That’s a bare minimum value that I have reason to believe is actually about one-half sock’s worth of what Harry gave to Murphy. As an educated guess after working through this, I’d say that fourteen pounds for the five shares may be a realistic modest guess at the “top end” of the range. But feel free to read on.
Volume
The next point to consider is quantity. That’s a tougher question. We have a grand total of three different containers from which to extrapolate potential volumes—some more vague than others. The uniform “heavy duty” backpacks that Archleone provided, the “office supply store” cash boxes that the stones next were divided into…and lastly, the two knotted off socks Harry slipped Karrin’s share into. So, let’s ponder these, one by one.
Two knotted off socks
I’m going to start by touching on the most elusive of the three. The final “container” that we have an indication of is the two tied off socks filled with diamonds that Harry slipped into Murphy’s hospital bed. Her half of Harry’s share. I’m kinda hoping that the nurses didn’t find it before Karrin noticed. In any case, the only description that we have is “two knotted off socks”.
This one is certainly vague enough. The last place we see Harry and his share of the diamonds is at the Carpenter house. Now, I am pretty sure that he didn’t pull off his own socks to use for this task. Which leaves us with a limited number of options. First, Harry borrowed a pair of Michael’s socks. That’s a possibility—because I’m pretty sure that he didn’t use a pair of Maggie’s.
However, Harry was with Molly. I’m assuming that Molly was the transportation, driving one of her parents’ vehicles, one way or another. So it’s hardly a reach to guess that they dropped by Molly’s apartment before running their errands. A change of clothes for Harry. Perhaps Harry even felt it wise to get the diamonds behind Svartalf wards. In Cold Days we saw that Molly had provided brand new socks and underwear for Harry, still in the packages. I suspect that’s where the two socks came from.
If they were indeed Harry’s socks, please note that he described his sneakers as “the size of small canoes”. People Harry’s height often easily wear a men’s size 16-19. Michael’s wouldn’t be far off that. Umm…at this point, I’m not sure how to specifically calculate the interior volume of *socks*. So for now, let’s just say “large”, or assume “half of Harry’s share” for the two socks, and move along.
Actually……there is one inexact, very imprecise reference I can use, but I’ll come back to that later.
Backpacks
An online search of “heavy duty backpacks” left me with three options. The first was a standard, college-type size, which from various iterations we’ll put at 32 Liters. The next is an “extra large” version of the same thing, which came in at 45 L. Then there was the heavy duty camping version, which I found at 59 L. I didn’t bother going any larger than that, since the Genoskwa was carrying military-style duffel bags (like Binder, I have no idea why). I am pretty sure that Ascher and Valmont would find anything bigger awkward and cumbersome.
Summary: Backpacks 32 Liter, 45 L, 59 L.
*32L is the standard size that everyone wore when I was in college.
Cash boxes
For last, I considered cash boxes. After some searching, I again eliminated the largest size. In the first place, we’re not being that optimistic, in the second place, they’re too awkward for the scenes, in the third place…Jim.
So, I found a medium size, a smaller middle size, and what appeared to be a portable size. All three I’ll include for reference. Please note that only the Honeywell cash box, the middle size, came with interior measurements—though I don’t think that will prove significant for out purposes.
Cash Boxes:
“Medium” Cash Box 3 7/8”x11”x7 5/8” 320.82 cu full = 5.25 L (rounding down)
251.625 cu at 3” deep would be 4.123394979 Liter
https://www.officedepot.com/a/products/398750/Office-Depot-Brand-Cash-Box-With/
Middle Honeywell Cash Box: Interior 3.5x7.8x6.3 171.99 cu, 2.81841114 liter
https://www.staples.com/Honeywell-Steel-Cash-Box-with-Removable-Tray/product_2106827
Small(est) cash box 2 1/8”x6 7/8”x7 11/16” 1
11.4927734375 cu, 1.8270392138578124 liter
Coincidentally, please note that one half US Gallon is roughly 1.89 L. I’ll touch on that later.
https://www.officedepot.com/a/products/366651/Office-Depot-Brand-Small-Locking-Cash/
Weight of diamonds per volume
At this point, I found myself trying to calculate how much a certain volume of diamonds would weigh. Trying searching online for the volume of “five pounds of rocks” didn’t really work. Then I got lucky, and found a box of rocks. Literally. In this case, a literal box of assorted polished stones from a rock hound. Even better, the dimensions were fairly similar to the medium-sized cash box, just a bit smaller. And the total weight was billed as “around 16 2/3 pounds”.
https://rocktumbler.com/blog/how-much-do-stones-weigh/
As Harry says, “diamonds are rocks, after all.” If you don’t mind, I’ll spare you all of the intervening calculations.
Box of rocks 4 1/4”x10 1/8”x6 1/4” = 16 2/3 pounds of tumbled stones.
268.9453125 cu = 4.4072240484375 Liters.
At this point, when I broke down the weight per liter, I rounded down. We’re short-changing Harry, after all.
3.78 lb/liter. With an online pounds to carats converter, that was sufficient.
\**Relative Density
Having some small experience with being a rock hound and polishing rocks, immediately it struck me that diamonds are denser than common rocks. Than the rocks guys toss into their tumblers to round off the edges and polish up. For example, the common agate is (roughly) 74% as dense as a diamond. Many stones, such as turquoise, are significantly less dense than an agate.
Here is a chart:
https://www.ajsgem.com/articles/gemstone-density-definitive-guide.html
Examples from that chart of gemstone densities, using the base score:
Opal: 1.88 Turquoise: 2.31 Obsidian: 2.35 Agate: 2.60 Nephrite Jade 2.90 Diamond: 3.50
Given how common an agate is a candidate for being polished up and otherwise utilized, I would use that as our baseline—and, for ease of calculation, round up to 75%. Since, y’know, we’re short changing Harry. For that matter, I am also fairly sure that round, tiny faceted stones would fit more closely together than the common rocks in the box referenced. However, in either case, I’m going to go with the “rock weight”, and allow you to make the adjustment reflecting a 75% differential if you wish. Divide by three and multiply by four. Or…feel free to use the % button on your calculator.
Calculations
Now, let’s start putting this together. The numbers so far are okay with me, using the “rock weight” rate. When I calculated the relative areas, an even sixteen pounds even would fill the largest “medium-sized” of the three cash boxes to just above the three inch level. Plenty of room at the top of that cash box to spare. And again, we’re short changing Harry, right? In any case, it sounds reasonable not to fill that particular cash box to the brim.
Next, a little cross checking, how does that volume translate to the backpack numbers above?
If we go with that nice, even sixteen pounds—which would decidedly provide a nice healthy thump when Harry threw it on the conference table in front of Marcone—the five cash boxes would contain a sum total of eighty pounds. I stopped to think about that. Eighty pounds is doable, if near the upper limit, for an athletic woman once, on a walk of a few hundred yards. And to be honest, I’d wondered why Anna Valmont had filled her backpack “less than half full”. Now we have an answer—because if she’d been greedy, she wouldn’t have been able to carry the load out, period.
Jim is a weight lifter. He’d have a much better idea about short term lifting limits than me.
Conversely, if we consider, say, each share being five pounds of diamonds, that comes to twenty-five pounds. I think we can assume that Ms. Valmont carried substantially more than that rate represents. By any parameter. Plus, Harry is the Winter Knight. He wouldn’t consider five pounds as “heavy”.
‘“Sure,” I said. I tapped a box and held it up. It was heavy. Diamonds are rocks, after all.’
Let’s look at one more factor. Five shares, five times the 16 2/3 lb “box of rocks” size we’re using, of 4.4 liters, comes to 22 liters. Thus we clearly have “less than half” of both the 45L and 59L models. That actually works really, really well for the 45 L size, doesn’t it?
“She started stuffing them into her pack. She hadn’t filled even half of it with diamonds, and was able to slide them in.”
I think that perhaps we’ve found our upper limit.
Smallest cash box
Let’s establish the other end of the range. The smallest, “portable” cash box was only a little over 1.827 L, and I suspect we’re below the lower limit with this one. I think that’s a tiny cash box, and Harry would have noticed that difference. Still, let’s look at that one first.
The first, and easiest calculation that I’m going to make, is that calculating with 1.827 L, five shares would only have totaled slightly over 9 L (9.135) of space in Valmont’s backpack. Now, while that qualifies as “less than half” of the smallest, 32 L backpack, it’s much closer to a quarter of the capacity—and I think that Harry would have stated it that way had the backpack been that empty. I just can’t see Valmont taking that little.
Calculating for weight, the 1.827 L capacity would have meant that Valmont was hardly carrying anything at all. At “rock” weight, hat one would have held about 6.9 pounds of diamonds—so, less than 35 total pounds in Valmont’s backpack. Backpacks, especially heavy duty ones, are designed for carrying heavy weights comfortably. That’s way underdoing it for what an athletic woman could carry. Especially in a properly worn, heavy duty model. Remember, Valmont wasn’t carrying this weight to class every day for a couple of semesters.
Still, let’s go with that, for the moment. Just to establish our lower limit. That 6.9 pounds comes to 15,648.9 carats. Round down yet again (although we’ve already been gratuitously short changing Harry), and that’s 15,648 one carat diamonds. That still comes to $172,128,000.
Of course, remember that Harry gave away half of that. So $86,064,000 for both Harry and Murphy. At the bottom end of our range. See? I told ya so!
Speaking of which, here’s a little cross check for the volume numbers for that “smallest” cash box, which was approximately 1.827 liters. As I mentioned earlier. by odd coincidence, one half US gallon translates to 1.89 liters. So, of we were to assume that Harry’s initial share was approximately a half-gallon volume, four pints, that means that when he split it up, both he and Murphy got roughly two pints apiece.
\Two knotted off socks**
Here is that “rough” cross reference. Just for fun, I grabbed one of my white crew socks. Not a high topped athletic sock, not a sock that would fit Harry’s canoe-sized feet. Just a medium sized crew sock. I slipped a 16 oz can of pop inside it. Room aplenty, so I tried another. Two one pint, sixteen ounce cans of soda pop (sorry Harry, it wasn’t Coke) fit into that one sock easily—all in the foot portion. With *plenty* of room left over for knotting the sock off.
Before anyone else argues that point, why would Harry have used two socks for a two pint area volume, when a single sock would have sufficed?
(Yes, I'm hinting that Harry's own share was actually more like $172 Million)
Looking at how it came out, there even was still room left over. But that was a quick check. Please, feel free to start sticking various-sized containers into whatever socks that you think would be appropriate, and tell me what you come up with. Be my guest. Please. I simply don’t have the opportunity to experiment and be that thorough.
Even so, I think that we’ve firmly established that the very least that Harry and Murphy both wound up with was over $86 million worth of diamonds. If we were adjusting for diamond density, that would be substantially more.
The “middle” cash box
The modest Honeywell cashbox, which at this point at least seems somewhat more likely than the tiniest model, would have come to a little over ten pounds apiece (10.5854) at rock weight. The former would have been 24,007 one carat stones.
Rock weight = $264,077,000 = Harry’s half = $132,038,000
You might want to do the estimated “diamond weight” for these two smaller, more restricted containers.
The Carpenters, Binder and Anna Valmont—and Marcone—all have $264 million. Conservatively speaking. At a bare minimum. Nick’s “order of magnitude” was off…by an order of magnitude. Valmont “shopped well”. And considering the Accords price of weregild for a Fomor sorcerer, Harry might have overpaid Marcone foe a mere security guard. Just a wee bit.
I’m starting to get the impression that Jim might have—totally *accidentally*, of course—been “too nice” to Harry. On the other hand, I don’t mind at all if Harry’s “everyday life” struggles transfer to something other than money. Shoot, let him dump most of it into a trust fund, of you want.
The smallest backpack
The last measure I want to run through, entirely on it’s own, is the 32L backpack. Harry notices that Valmont hasn’t even filled it half full. Well yes, even at our minimal specified rock weight, 32 L would have been right around 121 lbs.
Note that Ascher was lugging two around, stuffed full. But then, she shopped—and probably had other things than rocks in her packs.
So, if we count “less than half” of 32 L, I’m going to say that’s somewhere between 15l and 12L of space occupied by diamonds.
15 L at rock weight = 56.7 pounds.
All of those seem doable for a woman properly wearing a heavy duty backpack.
15 l = 56.7 lbs = 11.34 lbs = 25,718 one carat stones = $282,898,000 = Harry’s half $141,449,000
12 L = 45.36 lbs = 9.072 lbs = 20,575 (I rounded up) one carat stones = $226,325,000 = Harry’s $113,162,000
I think at this point I’ve given everyone enough possibilities and choices to set their heads spinning, so I’ll stop with the volume calculations here.
Harry’s Value
No, Jim can’t be that nice to Harry, can he? Since the very minimal estimate of his share (half of 15,648 = 7,824 one carat stones) still comes to $86 million, let’s pretend that Harry is a really bad bargainer. We’ll even say that he can’t even manage to get half price. Put this into the category of “Harry short changes himself”. At 5K per diamond, that’s still $39,120,000. Without the adjustment for diamond density.
But Harry’s not dumb. For full disclosure, Harry can certainly go to the Public Library and do research in books and magazines on diamonds. It may not be up to the minute information, but he could certainly ask Butters, Will or even Thomas for help on the internet. For that matter, Murphy now has reason to become an authority on the subject herself. Harry has resources. As Vonnerung pointed out, Harry has *friends*.
Remember, we just short changed Harry here. Still, make the assumption that he’s a bad bargainer on his own. If he got half price? $43,000,000. If someone with shopping acumen helps him, allowing a buyer who can turn the stones around quickly a $1,000 profit each, Harry still clears over $78 million—on the smallest, most miniscule volume of diamonds.
Perhaps I’ve mixed up my numbers somewhere. I don’t think so.
Those values are considering that Harry takes the anticipated, Anna Valmont recommended course of action. How likely is that? If he follows Valmont’s advice and sells off, say, ten diamonds a year, he pads his income nicely. At that rate, with even a measly 5,000 diamonds, Harry would have to live a very long time.
Of course, Jim Butcher would never mislead his readers…would he?
Seller’s market
So, a couple of thoughts. There are a lot of loose, small diamonds sitting in Chicago right now. I’m not even talking about Marcone’s share, those are going to Switzerland. A lockbox. Somewhere like that. For crying out loud, they aren’t even hot. The smart thing for him to do, with likely tens or hundreds of millions of dollars in perfect diamonds, would be to “sell” them to himself, laundering illegal cash, then tuck them into a vault somewhere. Like…Switzerland.
Valmont and Binder’s shares? Those two are going to be liquidated…elsewhere. Europe, South America, Australia, wherever. Even Binder has enough to last him a while—like, maybe a whole decade or so, with his tastes!
However, even just between Harry, the Carpenters and Murphy, there are a lot of diamonds to filter into the system. Now, we all know that the Carpenters aren’t going to be in any rush, and I doubt that Murphy will be, either. Both of them own their own homes, and already have “stuff”. Sell a handful of diamonds here and there. No problem.
But Harry has nothing. That was the point of Changes. And, Harry is broke. Well, okay, he probably had a couple of years of back Warden pay sitting in the mail he collected in Jury Duty, but that’s still a drop in the bucket for his needs. He needs to replace everything. Lab, equipment, materials, supplies. A car. Living quarters. A house has to be on his shopping list in the near future—and a secure location and associated infrastructure won’t come cheap.
What? After seeing what the Svartalves did with wizard-proofing Molly’s apartment, you think he won’t contract them to add some deluxe svartalf features? The man likes his hot showers.
Harry’s Other Options
Now, I’ll point out that the suggestion that Anna Valmont made, discreetly selling a few stones at a time, was the mortal way to liquidate diamonds. Plus, there is no APB out for these. Harry, as a wizard, has…more options.
First, and most simply, I’ll point out that there are a lot of jewelers in the Chicago area. Selling loose stones a couple at a time, Harry could turn over quite a few, right there. That doesn’t even count if he goes on the road. New York City and Los Angeles have *lots* of diamond buyers. Diamond merchants. There are buildings in both cities that he could easily make appointments with a couple of discreet buyers—on each floor. Gosh, if only Harry had a means to make long trips much shorter and convenient.
Yep, with the Ways he can find from his mother’s stone, there are additional wide-open markets in Edinburgh, London, Moscow, Sydney, Tokyo, etc. For that matter, I’m pretty sure that Harry can find his way to the diamond hotbeds of Antwerp or Amsterdam without any problem.
Next, I’ll recognize that there’s the possibility that Harry’s version of “haggling” involves—for example--walking into a random upscale realtor’s office with a Crown Royal bag of diamonds, and saying “I want a house”. I’m pretty sure he’d get pretty much whatever he wanted. And then not bother to ask for change. Sigh.
Quietly liquidating a hundred stones, even if he can’t bargain or negotiate to shake a stick at, would be simple. At 50% that still gives Harry with a nice half million dollar nest egg to start out with. And remember, those are still all mortal options. Even with Harry’s unique ability to take advantage of them.
Besides. Harry, unlike his cohorts in crime—especially Valmont, who made the suggestion—has other options. Other markets. Supernatural options. Supernatural markets and buyers. Good grief, for that matter, Molly could afford to take a goodly chunk of those diamonds off his hands. But that would be…too easy. Jim doesn’t like “easy” for Harry.
Let’s start off with the various aspects of the supernatural. Close to home, Harry-centric, there’s the White Council. Harry has remarked upon their financial division in the past, I find myself quite sure that they would have a department set up for advising members on how to invest. Because it’s the kind of thing a bunch of crusty old wizards would do—to keep their younger members from being financially compromised. There’s probably even a booklet called “Investing For Wizarding Dummies”.
Lara? Well, yeah, I could see a pile of perfect diamonds being a girl’s best friend. Or perhaps someone like Mister Ferro would be pleased with such stones. Vadderung? The list goes on and on.
But then, there’s that really intriguing possibility.
After all, Harry has had dealings with svartalves before. One made his last, deluxe summoning circle. In Bombshells, Molly even comments that the svartalfs make things for Harry—when he can afford it. As of Jury Duty, he is residing in a Svartalfheim apartment building. Even leaving out the implications of the Peace Talks trailer, it appears that Harry’s association with svartalves is growing.
Svartalves. Described in various places as jealous of their honor, powerful, talented, fine craftsmen, appreciative of beauty…and greedy.
Perfect diamonds score big on the last of those two fronts.
Let’s say that Harry walks up and plunks a chunk of his diamonds down on someone’s desk, and says “make me an offer”. Lat’s say that that “someone” is a svartalf, who loves beautiful things and can perhaps use stones this high quality in their work—and whose honor demands that they not cheat Harry. They also will know the full value of what he’s put in front of them. Pretty much to the dollar.
I can see two possibilities here. Either they offer to accept the whole batch on commission (5% or 10%--Svartalves are one of the few entities that can handle that many diamonds)…or, they accept the whole amount at value as barter. Credit against purchase. Future payment, for various items Harry wishes to buy. Perhaps partially cash in a drawing account. In any case, they give him a line of credit to work with.
Want your own high security apartment, Sir Harry? Boom. Need a lab? Boom. Need all the equipment and supplies for that lab? Boom.
Shoot, why not a luxury apartment, Mr. Dresden? One with a view of Lake Michigan, not one in the basement. Live there while we build you a secure house? Boom.
Magical gewgaws? Well, what would you like, Mister Dresden? A greater ring of invisibility? A blade that does the same things as a Warden’s sword? Hey, we can soup that up a little for you.
Oh yes, that secure house? Well, where would you like it located, Mister Dresden? For your needs, we’d suggest a lot resting on a defensive energy ley line, sir.
Simplifying
To wrap up, let’s pick some nice, even numbers here, within the range of limits established above—from 6.8 pounds up to sixteen.
I’m going to be honest here. I think that saying that Harry has $86 million in diamonds, while at the extreme low end of the scale, is fairly sufficient for his immediate needs. Especially since the value only rises dramatically from that minimal estimation.
Just some standard numbers, starting with the numbers I gave a while back:
5 lbs = 11,339 1 ct diamonds = $124,729,000 per share. Harry’s half share = $62,364,000
10 lbs = 22679 1 ct = $249,469,000. Harry’s = $124,734,500
15 lbs = 34019 1 ct = $374,209.000. Harry’s = $187,104,500
20 lbs = 45,359 1 ct = $498,949,000 Harry’s = $249,474,500
Now, because Jim loves his sevens and thirteens…
7lbs = 15,875.8 ct, or 15874 1 ct diamonds = $174,625,000
13 lbs = 29483.5 ct or 29483 1 ct diamonds = $323,313,000
I’ll point out that at each share being thirteen pounds, Anna Valmont would have been carrying 65 lbs in her heavy duty backpack. Eminently doable. An “overweight carryon at an airport”. From that point, Jim can play with the numbers to his heart’s content.
Shoot, he’ll probably have just as much fun figuring out ways for Harry to lose or overspend them.
And that’s as far as I’ve got. Since I put this together in fits and spurts, I hope I didn’t mess up the numbers too much anywhere. But I think I’ve sufficiently illustrated that Harry doesn’t have “a few million” in diamonds—and he doesn’t have a trillion dollars worth, either. Still, better than Nick advertised.
I hope I didn't ramble on too much--and that my estimations make a little more sense.

Good morning from the UK. I am late today but with good reason, my wife has had a really tough time this weekend with mental health (she is on meds for OCD, anxiety and Bipolar Type 2). Lockdown is tough for us all, but believe me it’s harder still for those with pre-existing mental difficulties. It could be worse, one of her friends (who has been sectioned before for mental breakdowns) is having to manage her mental health whilst fulfilling her duties as an A&E (ER) doctor in Wales. How my wife’s friend does it I have no idea, the stories coming out of UK hospitals are deeply disturbing (this link is 2 weeks old).
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Anyway, onto supply chain; this morning I read an article from Forbes about the problems supply chain disruptions can cause. Here’s a lengthy quote:
“Our firm recently polled executives at major corporations around the world to ask them about the operational risks they perceived to their supply chains, and the response strategies they had in place. The results were enlightening. Executives identified a broad range of risks (see chart below), from volatile commodity prices (which 43% considered a major challenge), to protectionism (31%), to piracy (just 7%). That executives identified such a broad range of risks told us that global supply disruption is indeed a top-of-mind issue for managers of global corporations.
When we asked a subsequent question about the strategies in place to mitigate these risks (see chart below), we found no favorites. Rather executives were across the board, choosing a number of different approaches, but not necessarily those best suited to the operational risks they were facing: 33% of respondents indicated that they would make no changes to their supply chains, 20% intended to decrease the number of production locations, and 15% planned to increase the same; and a range of other options as well.
Given the nature of the modern, global corporation and the complex supply network that has developed around it, it is unsurprising that executives have not aligned on a unified strategy to mitigate supply chain risk. No longer does a supply chain consist of a simple process from factory to warehouse to delivery (if indeed it ever did). Rather, as new sources of supply have arisen, new markets have opened, and companies have sought greater scale and specialization. Supply chains have evolved into a network of hundreds of suppliers, sub-contractors and distribution centers, adding tremendous complexity…
...I was recently at a conference of supply chain executives in the United States who told me that planning is dead – the best they could hope to do was respond to risks as they arose. Who has the time, and what is the benefit, of planning in a world of continuous change, demand-driven marketing, and intense pressure for instantaneous responses?...
...In an environment where changes in global supply chain can be as sudden as they are unscripted, companies have to arm themselves with both foresight and peripheral vision, an understanding of the long-term, and agility to deal with the short-term. More than ever, companies have to provision for multiple scenarios and they can only do that by engaging in a dynamic and multi-dimensional scenario-based strategic planning process.”
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I like the last two paragraphs of the article in particular. In case anyone wants to read the rest of the article, it’s dated May 2010 and written in reaction to the eruption of Eyjafjallajökull and the chaos it caused to supply chains around the world. Plus ça change; it seems some boardrooms didn’t adjust their supply chains after that black swan event (maybe due to the cost and the resulting negative shareholder pushback). Link to the story.
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Virus news in depth

Our Pandemic Summer: The fight against the coronavirus won’t be over when the U.S. reopens. Here’s how the nation must prepare itself. - The Atlantic has written a lengthy article about what the mid-long term looks like for the US in relation to getting back to normal after Covid-19. “I think people haven’t understood that this isn’t about the next couple of weeks,” said Michael Osterholm, an infectious-disease epidemiologist at the University of Minnesota. “This is about the next two years.” The article goes on to look at the pharmaceutical supply chain; “According to a University of Minnesota analysis, about 40 percent of the 156 drugs that are essential parts of critical care are becoming limited. Many of these depend on supply chains that involve China (where the pandemic began), Italy (the hardest-hit region in Europe), or India (which halted several exports)” … “Albuterol, the drug used in asthma inhalers, is scarce. Antibiotics, which control the secondary bacterial infections that afflict COVID-19 patients, are being depleted. Basic painkillers and sedatives, which are needed to keep patients on ventilators, are being exhausted. Hydroxychloroquine, the drug that Trump has repeatedly touted as a COVID-19 treatment despite a lack of good evidence, is running out, to the detriment of people with lupus and arthritis who depend on it. “It’s like everything we give to patients, we’re in short supply of,” said Esther Choo, an emergency physician at Oregon Health and Science University. “We’re now scrambling to find the backup medications, and we’ll run out of those too.””
(cont’d) If it turns out that, say, 20 percent of the U.S. has been infected, that would mean the coronavirus is more transmissible but less deadly than scientists think. It would also mean that a reasonable proportion of the country has some immunity. If that proportion could be slowly and safely raised to the level necessary for herd immunity—60 to 80 percent, depending on the virus’s transmissibility—the U.S. might not need to wait for a vaccine. However, if just 1 to 5 percent of the population has been infected—the range that many researchers think is likelier—that would mean “this is a truly devastating virus, and we have built up no real population immunity,” said Michael Mina, an epidemiologist and immunologist at Harvard. “Then we’re in dire straits in terms of how to move forward.” The article is lengthy and also discusses options for reopening the economy and society in the USA.
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Virus news in brief

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My usual sources are as normal The Guardian and CNN live blogs unless otherwise specified.
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• The price of US crude oil plunged almost 20%, to below $15, in early trading on Monday – its lowest point since 1999 – as stockpiles continued to build owing to a crash in demand caused by the Covid-19 pandemic.

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• In Australia, three of Sydney’s beaches were cautiously reopened on Monday but only for exercise. “Activities such as sitting on the sand, sun-baking or gathering in groups will not be permitted,” said the local mayor Danny Said.

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• Video: the centre of Adelaide city in Australia (population circa 1.3m) is so deserted that this Kangaroo was spotted hopping through the heart of the business district: South Australia Police tweet

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• Problems building in Japan - an infections disease expert at Kyoto hospital has warned that Japan’s hospitals were struggling to deal with Covid-19 patients, adding that the government’s response to the recent rise in infections had been too slow. He said Japan’s initial approach – to identify and contain infection clusters – had worked well until major cities such as Tokyo and Osaka started reporting significant rises in cases from the second half of March. “Japan’s government should have changed strategy earlier,” Iwata said, referring to the shift to wider testing combined with social distancing. “There was a tremendous delay and that has caused huge problems,” he said. Hospitals initially designated to treat patients with the illness had become unable to deal with the growing number of cases, leaving other hospitals unprepared to fill the treatment gap. “If you aren’t prepared and your staff aren’t trained, you can’t just admit Covid-19 patients,” Iwata said. “Many hospitals are not ready to fight against Covid-19. That’s why there have been reports of ambulances going from one hospital to another” in Tokyo, Osaka, Kobe and other cities. He added: “We needed to change strategy immediately, but traditionally, Japan isn’t good at doing that. When we have a plan A we are poor at converting it into a plan B. Bureaucrats don’t like admitting that their original plan failed – that was the main shortcoming.”

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• The same infections disease expert is also querying whether holding the Olympics next year is realistic. “I don’t think the Olympics are likely to be held next year. People will be coming from hundreds of nations ... and although Japan might have the disease under control by next summer, I don’t think that will be the case everywhere.” Devi Sridhar, chair of global health at the University of Edinburgh, said last week that hosting the event in just over a year’s time would be “very unrealistic” unless a vaccine became available. “If we do get a vaccine within the next year then actually I think that (the Olympics) is realistic,” Sridhar said, according to the BBC website. “The vaccine will be the game changer - an effective, affordable, available vaccine. If we don’t get a scientific breakthrough then I think that looks very unrealistic.” John Coates, the head of the IOC’s coordination commission, told reporters last week that it was still “too early to say” if the outbreak could further impact the Olympics, including forcing another delay or banning spectators.

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• Hong Kong authorities have reported zero new cases of Covid-19 today. The last time Hong Kong had no new cases was on 5 March. The city is currently under strict - but sometimes complicated- social distancing rules, including no more than four people gathering together. Bars, pubs and clubs, as well as gyms, game halls, and beauty parlours are closed.

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• Singapore has confirmed an additional 1,426 cases of Covid-19 infection, a record daily jump that took the city-state’s tally to 8,014. Its health ministry said the vast majority of the new cases were among migrant workers living in dormitories. As many as 90% of infections have reportedly been linked to these workers. Singapore’s number of deaths currently stands at 11. The latest rise means the city-state, which has a population of 5.6 million, has seen its total confirmed cases soar from 2,800 to more than 8,000 in the past seven days, according to data from Johns Hopkins University.

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• India has recorded its biggest single-day rise in coronavirus cases, the Associated Press reports. as the government eased one of the world’s strictest lockdowns. An additional 1,553 cases were reported over the past 24 hours, raising the total past 17,000. At least 543 people have died and epidemiologists forecast the peak may not be reached before June.

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• In Iran, where the outbreak has killed at least 5,000 people, some social distancing rules were relaxed last week and on Monday some major shopping centres and inner-city highways were reopened. Stores from high-end malls to the meandering alleyways of Tehran’s historic Grand Bazaar opened their doors, the Associated Press reports, though the government limited their working hours until 6 pm. Restaurants, gyms and other locations remain closed.

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• Spain has reported 399 coronavirus deaths in the past 24 hours, lower than Sunday’s figure of 410 and confirming the downward trend. A total of 20,852 people have died of the disease in Spain, with over 200,000 infected and more than 80,000 cured. Spanish PM Pedro Sánchez is expected to ask parliament tomorrow to extend the lockdown until 11 May.

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• French schools will begin to open next month at the planned end to the strict lockdown but the return to classes will be gradual, the prime minister Édouard Philippe has said. In an address last week, Emmanuel Macron announced nurseries, primary and secondary schools would open again on 11 May. The lockdown had led to fewer contacts bringing the contamination rate down to one contaminated person spreading the disease to 0.6 others. When the lockdown is lifted the authorities will be looking at keeping the rate at one person contaminating at the most one other, the PM added.

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• UK: There’s increasing anger at the (right wing) UK government in major newspapers at a lack of PPE for UK medical staff. Headlines include Guardian (left wing broadsheet): “Hospital leaders attack government as anger grows over PPE shortage”, Daily Mail (right wing tabloid): “Betrayal of our bravest: Hospitals run out of protective gowns TODAY a airlift of 400,000 replacements grounded. Now doctors face stark choice: save patients or themselves.”, Mirror (left wing tabloid) “Now lifesaving kit for NHS heroes doesn’t turn up”. The usually strongly supportive Daily Telegraph (right wing broadsheet) goes with “Two thirds of children fail to log on for lessons” but has a large picture of a protesting medical worker holding a sign “Protect healthcare workers”. Officials admitted on Sunday that PM Boris Johnson missed five emergency meetings in the early stages of the pandemic.

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• Violence and looting point to food crisis in S.Africa lockdown. France 24 has an article warning that with poor people running out of food due to no income as a result of the lockdown in South Africa, hundreds of angry people have fought running battles with the police, hurling rocks and setting up street barricades with burning tyres in Mitchells Plain over undelivered food parcels on Tuesday. Police fired rubber bullets and teargas to disperse them. Social commentators fear such violent episodes could escalate. "There's a bunch of us at home getting fat and there's a bunch of people who really have nothing," said Julian May, director of the Centre of Excellence in Food Security, at the University of the Western Cape. "And it speaks a lot about the inequalities in South Africa (that) are likely to come out," said May. "As people are not getting food parcels or hear of other people getting parcels they are starting to react. And I don't think that's going to ease unless there's more rapid delivery of food to people in poor areas."South Africa is ranked one of the most unequal countries in the world.

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• US: Multiple governors have accused Donald Trump of making “delusional” and “dangerous” statements amid mounting tensions between the president and state leaders over coronavirus testing and pressure to roll back stay-at-home measures. The United States has by far the world’s largest number of confirmed coronavirus cases, with more than 730,000 infections and over 39,600 deaths. Many state leaders have said they cannot embark on Trump’s recommended three-phrase programme to ease stay-at-home restrictions without a robust and widespread system of testing in place. The Guardian has more here or you can see Republican Maryland Governor Larry Hogan being interviewed about it here.

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• US: The 2020 Atlantic hurricane season is expected to be an active one according to researchers at North Carolina State University, says a local CNBC affiliate. This continues a trend for many organizations who have issued tropical forecasts for the upcoming season. The NC State University team forecast calls for 18-22 named storms, 8-11 hurricanes, 3-5 majors (i.e. cat 3 or higher) with the Gulf of Mexico identified as particularly at risk. Colorado State University, Accuweather, the university of Arizona have all issued an above average forecasts for above average hurricane season. (

Personal note: If you are on the Eastern seaboard of the US and in a hurricane prone area, it would be a good idea to review your hurricane plans and supplies now, e.g do you have a generator and does it work, spare fuel, batteries, candles, do you have enough long life food already stored + cleaning products, do you have an alternative method of cooking food, what’s your evacuation plan, etc etc. See https://www.weather.gov/safety/hurricane-plan for help with this and note FEMA is already under a lot of strain due to the virus and would thus likely struggle with a major hurricane impact on the US seaboard - see also this USA Today article dated 6th April this year on that topic).
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• Anti lockdown protestors and medical staff have faced off in Denver (link).

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• Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro joined a rally in the country's capital on Sunday, where protesters called for an end to quarantine measures and some urged military intervention to shut down Congress and the Supreme Court. Congress and the Supreme Court have supported social isolation measures imposed by governors. The President didn’t wear a mask and coughed several times while speaking to the crowd of a couple of hundred supporters in Brasilia. “(Everyone must) do whatever is necessary for the country to have the prominent place it deserves,” he said. “We will not negotiate anything.”

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Supply chain news in depth

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Susceptibilities of Solar Energy Supply Chains - The Global policy journal has written a detailed review of the supply chain disruption faced by the solar panel industry here. Whilst manufacturing was significantly reduced from January to March in China (down 13.5%) and is now almost fully recovered, its reliance on materials from around the world mean the supply chain is exposed in other parts. China has the majority market share in the mining or processing of most minerals used in solar panels, such as: silicon, aluminum, selenium, tellurium, arsenic, cadmium, and gallium. However, China still depends on many other countries to complete their solar panels, such as Peru for copper, Saudi Arabian oil for energy, and Japan for silicon wafers. In mid-March, Chinese owned mining company MMG Ltd reduced operations at its Peruvian copper mine after Peru declared a state of emergency in response to the coronavirus. Due to the damaged mining link in the supply chain, an initial spike in solar module price is expected due to shortages of materials for solar wafers and module glass, affecting the solar industry for months to come. Kangping Chen, the CEO of the top solar module supplier in the world, JinkoSolar, stated that around 400-500MW of Q1 2020 shipments are likely to be postponed to Q2 2020. The 500 MW postponement is approximately 14% of JinkoSolar’s 3.6GW quarterly solar panels production last year. The Solar Energy Industries Association (SEIA) stated that “before the pandemic hit, the solar industry was poised to set a record for deployment in 2020,” with solar installers being America’s fastest growing profession. A new SEIA survey now suggests cancellation rates for residential solar systems in the US are now at 19%, with postponement rates hitting upwards of 50% in some areas.
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Illinois adjusts on the fly to meet medical supply needs in a coronavirus ‘Wild West’ - The Chicago Sun Times details a story from about two weeks ago where Illinois officials tracked down a supply of 1.5 million potentially life-saving N95 respirator masks in China through a middleman in the Chicago area and negotiated a deal to buy them. One day before they were expecting to complete the purchase, they got a call in the morning from the supplier informing them he had to get a check to the bank by 2 p.m. that day, or the deal was off. Other bidders had surfaced. Realizing there was no way the supplier could get to Springfield and back by the deadline, Illinois assistant comptroller Ellen Andres jumped in her car and raced north on I-55 with a check for $3,469,600. That’s just a taste of the “Wild West” world of emergency procurement taking place over the past several weeks as the state fights for equipment and supplies to protect frontline workers and patients in the battle against COVID-19. Most of that work is being performed by Gov. J.B. Pritzker’s administration through a rapid-procurement strike team, pulling together procurement specialists from around state government under the auspices of the Illinois Emergency Management Agency. As Pritzker has made clear at his daily briefings, it’s an effort made all the more difficult by the absence of a strong, coordinated White House response. That’s left Illinois competing against other states, foreign nations and even our own federal government for the same materials. They’re all looking for what we have come to know as PPE or personal protective equipment — masks, gloves, gowns and face shields — plus coronavirus testing kits and swabs and, most prized of all, ventilators to help those most seriously ill keep breathing.
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SWABS, STAT! Inside the Maine factory racing to supply America with virus test swabs. - If you’ve ever used a home DNA kit, opened wide and said “ahh,” or measured the depth of a knife wound in a stabbing victim, chances are you’ve used a device made by Puritan Medical Products Co, says Bloomberg. And if you’re tested for Covid-19, the disease caused by the new coronavirus, it’s quite likely that the swab used to collect a sample from inside your nose will have been made by Puritan, too. Located in Guilford, Maine (population 1,521), Puritan is one of two companies that make essentially all of the swabs used for coronavirus testing. (The other, Copan Diagnostics Inc., is in Italy, an epicenter of the deadly virus.)
(Cont’d) “Swabs could be a weak link in broadening testing,” former U.S. Food and Drug Administration Commissioner Scott Gottlieb tweeted on March 16. That was four days after Puritan first started getting calls from the U.S. government, according to Timothy Templet, executive vice president for global sales, who entered the conversations himself shortly thereafter. “I’ve been on the phone since Saturday with many government organizations—Health and Human Services, FDA, working groups—just trying to provide accurate information regarding the ability to produce as many swabs for the country as we possibly can,” he says. The federal government, however, doesn’t buy directly from Puritan. Instead it helps coordinate with Puritan and other medical suppliers and distributors to get the swabs where they need to go. “We are ramping up to produce and wrap a million swabs a week that we need to put into the supply chain across the U.S.,” Templet says. His problem? Not enough machines or labour to meet demand.
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**In Pursuit of PPE (**Or if you prefer, “how I managed to buy some PPE on the American black market for my hospital”) - The New England Journal of Medicine is not something I often read (Actually I’ve never read it before in my life) but this article caught my eye: As a chief physician executive, I rarely get involved in my health system’s supply-chain activities. The Covid-19 pandemic has changed that. Protecting our caregivers is essential so that these talented professionals can safely provide compassionate care to our patients. Yet we continue to be stymied by a lack of personal protective equipment (PPE), and the cavalry does not appear to be coming. Deals, some bizarre and convoluted, and many involving large sums of money, have dissolved at the last minute when we were outbid or outmuscled, sometimes by the federal government. Then we got lucky, but getting the supplies was not easy.
(Cont’d) A lead came from an acquaintance of a friend of a team member. After several hours of vetting, we grew confident of the broker’s professional pedigree and the potential to secure a large shipment of three-ply face masks and N95 respirators. The latter were KN95 respirators, N95s that were made in China. We received samples to confirm that they could be successfully fit-tested. Despite having cleared this hurdle, we remained concerned that the samples might not be representative of the bulk of the products that we would be buying. Having acquired the requisite funds — more than five times the amount we would normally pay for a similar shipment, but still less than what was being requested by other brokers — we set the plan in motion. Three members of the supply-chain team and a fit tester were flown to a small airport near an industrial warehouse in the mid-Atlantic region. I arrived by car to make the final call on whether to execute the deal. Two semi-trailer trucks, cleverly marked as food-service vehicles, met us at the warehouse. When fully loaded, the trucks would take two distinct routes back to Massachusetts to minimize the chances that their contents would be detained or redirected.
(Cont’d) Hours before our planned departure, we were told to expect only a quarter of our original order. We went anyway, since we desperately needed any supplies we could get. Upon arrival, we were jubilant to see pallets of KN95 respirators and face masks being unloaded. We opened several boxes, examined their contents, and hoped that this random sample would be representative of the entire shipment. Before we could send the funds by wire transfer, two Federal Bureau of Investigation agents arrived, showed their badges, and started questioning me. No, this shipment was not headed for resale or the black market. The agents checked my credentials, and I tried to convince them that the shipment of PPE was bound for hospitals. After receiving my assurances and hearing about our health system’s urgent needs, the agents let the boxes of equipment be released and loaded into the trucks. But I was soon shocked to learn that the Department of Homeland Security was still considering redirecting our PPE. Only some quick calls leading to intervention by our congressional representative prevented its seizure. I remained nervous and worried on the long drive back, feelings that did not abate until midnight, when I received the call that the PPE shipment was secured at our warehouse.
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Supply chain news in brief

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• Some people have been querying why farmers are being forced to dump food whilst at the same time there’s difficulty elsewhere in supplying food banks or supermarkets fast enough. The reason is that b2b (business to business) supply chains are set up very differently to b2c (Business to consumer) supply chains and it’s harder than you’d initially think to rapidly switch from one to the other; effectively they’re having to adjust on the fly on a day by day basis. Civileats.com has a good explanation of why it’s hard to change things around quickly and what firms are doing to try to reroute food to where it’s most needed.

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• The UN states in a press release (here) that cereal supplies are plentiful at the moment and prices remain low - at least for now. Given the highly globalized nature of food production and supply, commodities need to move from the world’s ‘breadbaskets’ to where they are consumed – and COVID-19-related containment measures are starting to make this more challenging. “Disruptions are so far minimal; food supply is adequate, and markets are relatively stable,” said WFP Senior Spokesperson, Elizabeth Byrs, noting that global cereal stocks are at comfortable levels and the outlook for wheat and other staple crops is positive for the rest of this year. “But we may soon expect to see disruptions in food supply chains”, she said, explaining that if big importers lose confidence in the reliable flow of basic food commodities, panic buying could ensue, driving prices up. For low-income countries, the consequences could be devastating, with long-term repercussions, with coping strategies coming at the expense of such essential services as health and education.

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• Honeywell has announced that its Rhode Island facility is starting to produce masks. Normally it would take 9 months to set up a production line; they managed it in 5 weeks. See here for a PR from them.

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• UK government stockpiles containing protective equipment for healthcare workers in the event of a pandemic fell in value by almost 40% over the past six years, the Guardian has found. Analysis of official financial data suggests £325m was wiped off the value of the Department of Health and Social Care (DHSC) emergency stockpile, reducing it from £831m in 2013 under the Conservative-led coalition government to £506m by March last year. The finding is likely to raise further questions for the health secretary, Matt Hancock, who faced criticism over the weekend after urging healthcare workers not to “overuse” personal protective equipment (PPE). More on that here.

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• Amazon is tweaking its algorithms to get you to buy less not more; Business Standard reports that Amazon is trying to get you to reduce your purchase of non essential products to help it keep up with shipping of the more essential products. Normal promotions have been stopped, prime day is postponed, it doesn’t tell you any more what other people have bought. The article goes on to point out that it isn’t just Amazon doing this; Expedia expects its advertising spend to drop by more than 80% this year.

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• Budget airline Indigo (fabulous name for an airline) is the latest to start doing cargo only flights with its passenger airlines (Stat Times link)

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Good news section

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Deserted Thai beaches lure rare turtles to build most nests in 20 years - Thailand has found the largest number of nests of rare leatherback sea turtles in two decades on beaches bereft of tourists because of the coronavirus pandemic, environmentalists say. In Thailand, with 2,765 infections and 47 deaths, travel curbs ranging from a ban on international flights to an appeal to citizens to stay home have brought a collapse in tourist numbers, but freed up the beaches for wildlife. The 11 turtle nests authorities have found since last November were the highest number in 20 years, said Kongkiat Kittiwatanawong, the director of the Phuket Marine Biological Center. “This is a very good sign for us because many areas for spawning have been destroyed by humans,” he told Reuters. No such nests had been found for the previous five years. Leatherbacks are the world’s largest sea turtles. They are considered endangered in Thailand, and listed as a vulnerable species globally by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. They lay their eggs in dark and quiet areas, scarce when tourists thronged the beaches. People have also been known to dig into their nests and steal eggs. (link)
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Minnesota trooper's roadside gesture during traffic stop brings doctor to tears - A state trooper pulled over a doctor for speeding on an east-central Minnesota interstate, told her she should know better and sent her on her way grateful for receiving only a warning and not a ticket. The trooper also gave her a fistful of coveted N95 medical masks that were issued for his protection from the deadly coronavirus pandemic. “I burst into tears,” Dr. Sarosh Ashraf Janjua, a Boston native and cardiologist, wrote in a detailed Facebook account of the traffic stop on March 21 along Interstate 35 in North Branch as she traveled from work in Duluth for a break in Minneapolis. “I think he teared up a little as well before wishing me well and walking away.” Janjua also saw the masks handed to her as having value beyond their role in stemming the virus’ spread. “This complete stranger, who owed me nothing and is more on the front lines than I am, shared his precious masks with me, without my even asking,” she wrote. “The veil of civilization may be thin, but not all that lies behind it is savage. We are going to be OK.” (Star Tribune link)

Deep Space Astrophotography for Beginners

If your budget is below $1600 USD, then please read the other guide: "Budget Astrophotography for Beginners."
There are many types of astrophotography, and the equipment/techniques used can differ greatly between each one. Some telescopes may be bad for doing deep space, whereas they may perform excellently on the planets. There is no all in one setup. So it is important to understand what each category entails, and which type of astrophotography you would like to do.
But, it would require a book to write a tutorial on every single type, so this guide will be focused on DSO astrophotography only (imaging stuff outside our solar system) because it is the most complex.
The subdisciplines of astrophotography can be broken down into:

• Landscape - Wide shots of space that sometimes incorporate the surrounding environment and the Milky Way or auroras.
• Planetary - This requires cameras capable of high frame rate capture, and telescopes with long focal lengths and big apertures. The most commonly imaged are Mars, Saturn, and Jupiter, but also sometimes Pluto, Neptune, Uranus, Mercury, & Venus.
• Speciality - Comets, asteroids, space station/planetary transits, and many more.
• Lunar - Craters of the Moon, full portraits, and inclusion of the surrounding environment.
• Solar - Full images of the Sun, closeups of solar activity, and sunspots.
• Deep space objects (DSO) - This usually requires a completely different type of telescope compared to planetary/lunar. DSOs exist outside of our solar system and have a large variety of sizes. They can be 20x the width of the full moon (LMC galaxy), to only a third of the size (Crab Nebula). These are star clusters, planetary nebulae, galaxies, diffuse nebulae, supernova remnants, etc.

Deep space astrophotography (DSO) relies on capturing many long exposure images. By using a technique called image stacking, multiple photos are combined which results in significantly improved quality. Special images called calibration frames are also used to further improve quality.
Because DSO imaging requires long exposures, an equatorial mount/tracker is required. Something like Celestron's NexStar series will not work for deep space imaging because they do not come with an equatorial mount.

An example setup

A traditional DSO astrophotography setup will cost $1600 - $5000 USD depending on the condition of the equipment and what is purchased.
Things in bold are technically optional, but the vast majority of people use, and will either improve your experience or give you better quality images.

1. A GoTo equatorial mount
2. Camera (DSLR or astronomy camera)
3. Telescope
4. Field flattener or coma corrector
5. Dew prevention (not required in arid environments)
6. Autoguiding

Addons:

• Bahtinov mask (for more precise focusing)
• Electronic auto focuser with temperature probe (highly recommended)
• Filter wheel (if using a monochrome camera)
• Laptop or mini PC for computer control
• USB hub
• Filter(s)

Below I have put together several example setups including pricing and links. Please use it as a guide only and make sure to do your own research.
Google spreadsheet link: http://bit.ly/RegularAP

Mounts

The mount is the device that lets you counteract the rotation of the Earth and allows you to take sharp images of objects in the night sky. Your telescope and all your gear will ride on top of it, so it is by far the most important purchase you will make. This is the foundation for the entire setup. Everything else comes second (when starting off), including the telescope and camera. The best telescope and camera put on a terrible mount will produce no images at all.
Things to consider when buying a mount are the payload capacity, tracking performance, and how heavy it is. A general guideline for starting off is to halve the rated payload capacity. The reasoning behind this is twofold:

1. If you're putting something that is over half the payload, it is almost guaranteed to be too difficult to use when starting off. This is not a hard rule, people go over half capacity all the time, but only after they get more experience with the hobby.
2. The more strain you put on the mount, the harder it has to work, and the worse it will perform. This depends on the mount you purchase, and can vary between individual copies. The weight and dimensions of the scope you put on your mount will affect how much payload it can carry while still performing good enough.

Mounts can also get very heavy; so if you need to tear it down, and reassemble your setup every night, how much the mount weighs is an important consideration. iOptron mounts are very light, like the CEM25P, but you pay for that in their price (except the CEM25P, which is cheaper than similar mounts).
For example, the iOptron CEM40 has the same payload capacity as the EQ6-R Pro, but only weighs half as much, and costs over $500 USD more.
Below are beginner mounts under $1800 USD that are considered good for astrophotography:

• iOptron CEM25P
• Orion Sirius EQ-G / Sky-Watcher HEQ5 Pro
• Sky-Watcher EQ6-R Pro (Same thing as the Atlas II and vice versa)
• Orion Atlas EQ-G
• Sky-Watcher EQ6 (Discontinued, same thing as the Atlas EQ-G)
• Orion Atlas II EQ-G

Note: There are cheaper GoTo options available too. However, I wouldn't consider them (unless you buy used and get it for very cheap), because they usually don't cost much less than the iOptron CEM25P, which is the lowest priced mount with good mechanics. You may also see the Celestron AVX (advanced VX) but it is not a good mount, and it also costs the same as the CEM25P which is practically better in every significant way (weighs less, better performance out of the box, hand controller interface is better, etc).
I recommend trying to get your mount used, since you'll save a large amount of money. Availability will depend on where you live. People in the United States or Europe will have an easier chance of finding something used than in Australia/Canada for example.
Since it will be challenging to figure out what is a good deal or not, I recommend joining our discord server to get advice in real time from fellow astrophotographers.

Camera choice

If you already have a Nikon or Canon camera with interchangeable lenses, use it (except if it can't be computer controlled). A used DSLR is the most cost effective way to capture DSOs.
It is not ideal to spend more than $350 USD on a DSLR unless it is modified for astrophotography. Cameras should be purchased used, there is no benefit to buying one new. If you cannot find any deals in your area, look for used/refurbished DSLRs on websites like eBay or camera shops. Many of the cameras below (except the T6i/T7i) can be found for less than $350 USD second hand.
When looking to buy a camera for astrophotography the two most important things to consider are software / hardware compatibility and image quality (the camera sensor).

DSLR recommendations:

Canon

• SL2 / 200D
• SL1 / 100D
• T7i / 800D
• T6i / 750D
• T5i / 700D
• T4i / 650D
• T3i / 600D

Nikon

• D5300/D5500/D5600 (All have the same sensor)

This is not an exhaustive list, there will be other camera models that work fine for astrophotography that I have not put in this guide.
If you can find an astro modified version of any of the cameras listed above, then you should buy that instead because it will give significantly better performance on certain targets.

• https://noctilove.co.uk/img/astro-modified-nikon-d5100-nebula.jpg
• https://cdn.discordapp.com/attachments/247347265226801153/691203277601243156/Capture.PNG

You'll have to look around on astronomy forums/markets to find one, such as cloudy nights classifieds or astrobuysell.com.
The cameras above give the best relevant features/quality for the price. In terms of image quality, the Nikons all perform the same, and the Canons come behind. Each one has adjustable screens, which can come in handy because of the bad angles the camera may be in when attached to a telescope.
It is very important to find a Nikon or Canon for astrophotography, because by far they have the most compatibility with astro-imaging software compared to other brands. However, Canon cameras support a wider array of software and hardware compared to Nikon, so consider that too.
Make sure that any camera you use/purchase can be controlled through image acquisition software like AstroPhotography Tool, N.I.N.A, Sequence Generator Pro, etc. If the camera cannot be computer controlled it doesn't have much use for deep space astrophotography.

Telescopes

A small apochromatic refractor is an ideal choice for the majority of beginner astrophotographers. They are the most simple telescopes to use and do not require any collimation or regular maintenance.
Apochromatic refractors have special glass in them that will almost eliminate chromatic aberration. There are three types of refractors you will see: doublets, triplets, & flat field (usually quadruplets). A doublet is a telescope that uses two elements of glass to correct for chromatic aberration, a triplet uses three. A triplet will outperform a similarly built doublet in terms of colour correction.
If you have the budget, get a triplet telescope. Most doublet refractors have good colour correction (except the Evostar 72 and a few others), but there is still residual chromatic aberration, and the stars are bigger than they should be. Most apochromatic doublets are perfectly fine to start off with. However, with a good triplet, your stars will be tighter and chromatic aberration will not be noticeable at all.
For those who already know how to collimate a newtonian, or don't mind tinkering, getting a fast reflector telescope is also a good option. Reflectors cost significantly less money than comparable apochromatic refractors and do not have any chromatic aberration. Look for a newtonian that is advertised for doing astrophotography, they will usually have better focusers, and allow you to reach focus with a DSLR.
Stick to getting a telescope under 800mm focal length. It'll make your life easier. Something to keep in mind is that there is a larger selection of refractor telescopes in Europe, and that there are no import taxes/duties for anything under $800 USD (ONLY APPLIES TO AMERICANS).
After applicable shipping/taxes/duties you may find it worthwhile to import a telescope from outside your country compared to buying it domestically.

Reflector suggestions:

• https://www.firstlightoptics.com/reflectors/skywatcher-explorer-130p-ds-ota.html
• https://www.firstlightoptics.com/reflectors/skywatcher-explorer-150p-ds-ota.html
• https://www.teleskop-express.de/shop/product_info.php/language/en/info/p10591_TS-PHOTON-6--F5-Advanced-Newtonian-Telescope-with-metal-tube.html (get the dual speed focuser upgrade if you buy this)

Canadian versions of the 130/150 PDS

• http://maisonastronomie.ca/en/product/sky-watcher-130-ds-ota/
• https://www.all-startelescope.com/sales/product_info.php?products_id=2016

Refractor suggestions:

Note: About 70% of 60-80 mm refractors sold in the year 2020 are made by the same company in China called Kunming United Optics under their Sky Rover product branding.
Many telescopes nowadays are literal clones of each other and will only differ in colour (especially the 60/72mm doublets) and sometimes gimmicky features (William Optics). Sometimes the type of glass used and whether the focuser can rotate will be different though, always do more research.
Spreadsheet that compares all commonly available refractors with pricing and additional information for different countries: https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1oSCZpEtoTJl2Kpa2hLkixQUqUA32f9rwhKMUKk7fGJ8/edit#gid=799685980

Field curvature and flatteners/reducers

Note: Newtonian telescopes do not suffer from field curvature, but instead coma. You'll need to get a coma corrector instead of a field flattener.
Telescopes using glass to bend light (refractors) do not have a completely flat focal plane. It is curved, so stars on the edges of the image will be distorted. Therefore, a field flattener is something that should always be purchased, and will significantly improve the edges of your images.
Examples of field curvature:

• https://www.reddit.com/astrophotography/comments/4z2xvg/testing_field_flattener_with_ed80t_cf/
• https://www.reddit.com/astrophotography/comments/3qxxtg/gso_8rc_with_and_without_field_flattener_example/

Some field flatteners also reduce the focal ratio and focal length of your telescope. This has the effect of making the camera sensor capture more light, because the photons gathered by the telescope get compressed into a smaller area. The focal length of the telescope will also get decreased by the amount of reduction the reducer does, such as 0.8x. So it sees a wider angle of the sky and makes it easier to use.
The cost of field flatteners ranges from $100-$250 USD. I suggest buying the dedicated one made for your specific telescope. However, many flatteners are generic and will work with any scope that fits their specifications. It is always best to ask people with a similar setup for further advice.

Autoguiding

Autoguiding is the most cost effective ways to improve an astro setup and is used by most imagers. It will not turn a bad mount into a good one, but it can correct for small errors in tracking, polar alignment, low frequency error, and enables dithering.
Guiding works by using a secondary camera that constantly monitors a star every few seconds. If the guiding software detects that it has moved out of position, instructions are sent to the mount to bring the star back to its original position.
There are two main ways to capture the light coming from a guide star. The first is by using a small telescope called a guidescope. The second is a small prism/mirror that reflects some of the light that enters the main telescope to the guide camera.

Guide camera

A guide camera should be monochrome to have the highest possible sensitivity. A ZWO ASI120MM mini combined with a generic 50/60mm Amazon/Ebay/Aliexpress guidescope will work just fine under 750 mm focal length. The next step up from that would be an ASI290MM mini - this camera is more sensitive, but not necessary at all unless you are using an off axis guider.
Other similar guide cameras from other brands also work, but I cannot comment on their software compatability since I don't have experience with them.

Guidescope / Off Axis Guider

For DSLR users, guidescopes are usually the only option, because there is not enough space to insert an off axis guider.
Guidescopes in most cases should be rigidly mounted to prevent differential flexure. This is when the guidescope or main imaging camera moves independently from each other. The guide camera will pick up on this movement and try to correct for it, and ruin the exposure. In comparison, an off axis guider gets inserted into the imaging train and does not need to be supported in other ways.
Please see this thread on good examples of how a guidescope should be mounted: https://www.cloudynights.com/topic/561217-game-plan-for-newbie-rig-keep-me-off-the-guardrails/page-4
Another factor to consider is that the guidescope most likely needs to be protected from dew, so another dew heater strip is needed. An off axis guider is inside the telescope, and as a result, does not need dew protection.
I always suggest just buying the cheapest 50/60mm guidescope (that isn't from Orion) because they are all the same and will not affect your guiding performance. There is no need to pay extra money for a fancy guidescope that won't give you extra performance.

Introduction
The following is the official in-universe timeline of events as they unfold throughout the shared continuity of the Alien, Predator, Alien vs. Predator, and Prometheus franchises. While the cinematic timeline begins with Predator in 1987 and ends with Alien Resurrection in 2381, the shared universe technically began with the 1989 comic Aliens vs. Predator by Dark Horse Comics (which takes place at an unknown date) and was cemented together with the release of the 2004 film Alien vs. Predator (which takes place in the same year) and has been further expanded upon ever since throughout various Alien, Predator, Alien vs. Predator and Prometheus media, notably through the Fire and Stone (2014–2015) and Life and Death (2016–2017) comics by Dark Horse Comics. Throughout this fictional history, we see the Weyland-Yutani Corporation (simply known as "the Company") and its ancestral companies, Weyland Corporation (a.k.a. Weyland Industries) and Yutani Corporation (a.k.a. Yutani Incorporated), and affiliate organizations, such as OWLF/Project Stargazer, in their persistent pursuit of capturing and studying the Aliens (a.k.a. Xenomorph) and the Predators (a.k.a. Yautja), with civilians and military personnel, such as the United States Colonial Marines Corps, trying to combat and survive these extraterrestrial threats while either attempting to stop or aid the Company in achieving their goals.
18th Century

• 1715 AD
  • Unknown date: Raphael Adolini manufactures a Spanish-made flintlock pistol (which later was owned by the "City Hunter" Predator which stalked the streets of Los Angeles in the summer of 1997). [1]
• 1718 AD
  • Unknown date: Captain Raphael Adolini and his crew comes ashore on Guinea Coast. After battling his crew over his intention to return some stolen goods, a Predator named "the Golden Angel" joins the fight, leaving only Adolini and the Predator alive. Adolini is mortally wounded and gives his flintlock pistol to the Predator, who in return buries the deceased Adolini together with his own alien sword. [1][2]

20th Century

• 1904 AD
  • October 10th: The whaler Emma sails to Bouvetøya island, Antarctica, at the start of the whaling season under the Nyberg Brothers oil company. The Emma successfully hunts almost 300 whales during the year. Suddenly the crew notices strange lights falling from the sky, after which the crew recovers a Predator pod and brings it back to their campsite, only to have crew-member Karl Johanssen finding a Predator killing off his entire crew. Johanssen escapes the scene and later returns almost dead due to severe hypothermia before becoming witness to a Predator fighting an Alien. [3][4]
• 1930 AD
  • Unknown date: A Predator stalks and kills mob boss Bruno Borgia in New Way City, USA, and after showing Bruno's head to his wife Isabella, she shoots the Predator in the eye, causing his blood to splatter on her and her infant son Hunter, after which the Predator is named "Scarface". The now one-eyed Scarface makes a hasty escape, leaving behind some of his equipment, and failing to kill himself during his attempt to escape, he's shamed by defeat for having exposed his race to the humans, and Scarface is exiled by his clan to a planet inhabited by deadly arachnoid alien creatures [5]
• 1945 AD
  • August 6th: Atomic bombs are dropped on Hiroshima, Japan, and according to later US government records, the heat and conflict attracted Predators. [1]
• 1979 AD
  • Unknown date: Last known case of cholera. [6]
  • September 22nd: A mysterious explosion is detected by a Vela Hotel satellite over the Indian Ocean at Bouvet Island, Antarctica. The event eventually became known as the Vela Incident. Initially thought to be caused by a nuclear detonation or an airbust from a meteor crashing down to Earth, it was later theorized by Sebastian de Rosa to be caused by a Predator self-destruct device. Colonel Alexander Woods is in charge of an investigation into the event. [4]
• 1987 AD
  • Unknown date: A Predator lands in a Central American jungle while being tracked by Major Dutch Schaefer and his paramilitary team, leaving only Dutch as the sole survivor. [7]
• 1990 AD
  • October 1st: Peter Weyland is born in Mumbai, India, to an Oxford-educated Professor of Comparative Mythology and a self-taught engineer. [8]
• 1997 AD
  • Unknown date: A Predator stalks the streets of Los Angeles during a very hot summer while being pursued by Lieutenant Mike Harrigan and the secret government organization OWLF (the Other Worldly Life Forms Program) headed by CIA Agent Peter Keyes and second-in-command Agent Garber. Keyes is eventually killed by the Predator, leaving Garber in charge. After following the Predator into its own spaceship, finding a trophy room containing human skulls and the skull of an Alien, Harrigan partakes in a final fight with the Predator, killing it, only to find himself surrounded by his clan-members. The clan leader Grayback or "the Golden Angel" eventually gifts him Raphael Adolini's flintlock pistol. [1]
  • Unknown date: Colonel Alexander Woods submits his final report regarding an unexplained nuclear explosion off Bouvet Island, Antarctica, in 1979, and those believed responsible, but the results are inconclusive. His daughter Alexa "Lex" Woods begins working on 'The Ice', that is Arctic and Antarctic environments. [4]
  • Unknown date: Alexa Woods and her father climb Mount Ranier, but following complications from a broken leg, Colonel Woods dies during the descent. [9][4]

21st Century

• 2004 AD
  • October 1st: Days after his 14th birthday, Peter Weyland is granted a Method Patent for a synthetic trachea (a cure for lung cancer) constructed entirely of synthetically-engineered stem cells. It is his 12th registered patent to date. [8]
  • October 10th: Billionaire and self-taught engineer Charles Bishop Weyland (original founder and CEO of Weyland Industries, a.k.a. Weyland Corporation) organizes an expedition traveling on the icebreaker Piper Maru to Bouvetøya island, Antarctica, to investigate an ancient pyramid buried beneath the ice. Crew-member Alexa "Lex" Woods, along with a few other crew-members, is brought on the Weyland 14 helicopter to the Piper Maru, and once on the island she questions why Weyland, suffering from lung cancer, partakes in such a perilous mission (recalling events where her dad Colonel Woods died while climbing Mount Ranier), after which he insists on being part of such a monumental discovery which will inevitably lead to him being rendered immortal through people's memory and the legacy he leaves behind. Discovering the pyramid to be a breeding ground for Aliens every 100 years intended for the ritualistic hunts of the Predators, everyone in the team ends up dead, including Mr. Weyland at the hands of a Predator named Scar (who in turn gets impregnated by an Alien Facehugger), leaving Alexa Woods as the sole survivor working together with Scar to take out the remaining Aliens and the Alien Queen before they reach the surface and take over the planet. The Queen ends up killing Scar before she's sent down into the Antarctic Ocean to be frozen alive. Scar's dead body is later brought on board a Predator mothership by his clan-members, with Lex being acknowledged as an Alien-killer by the clan leader before the mothership leaves the planet. A Predalien Chestburster later erupts from Scar's body. [9]
  • Unknown date: A Predator scout ship detaches from the mothership seen in Antarctica and crashes in Gunnison, Colorado, and releases a Predalien which starts building an Alien hive in the small town, leading to the US military dropping a tactical nuke on the town with a small group of people escaping with a Predator handgun, which is eventually acquired by Colonel Stevens of the US military and brought to Ms. Yutani (eventually leading to the development of advanced technology such as the FTL drives fitted aboard the USCSS Prometheus and the USCSS Nostromo). [10]
• 2010 AD
  • Unknown date: A group of mercenaries are brought to an alien planet acting as a game preserve for Predators. [11]
• 2012 AD
  • October 11th: Weyland Corporation is recognized as a legal entity and corporation under United States law and receives their Certificate of Incorporation from the Companies House in the United Kingdom. Due to the combined value of Sir Peter Weyland's various patents and patent-pendings, the company incorporates with a higher fair market valuation than any other company in history. [8]
• 2015 AD
  • March 27th: Weyland Industries launches first industrialized space mission to install solar panels that align and move in Earth's orbital plane but at an axial tilt, imitating a perpetual summer solstice. The renewable energy gathered in the months following this expedition made Peter Weyland his first billion. [8]
  • June 30th: Following Weyland's success with solar panels, Weyland Industries receives funding from a trio of major venture capital firms. [8]
• 2016 AD
  • February 2nd: Using a precursor to the atmospheric processor of his own invention, Peter Weyland is able to generate a localized synthetic atmosphere above the polar ice cap, effectively ending global warming. [8]
  • July 17th: At the age of 25, Sir Peter Weyland becomes one of the youngest people to ever achieve knighthood. [8]
• 2017 AD
  • December 10th: Sir Peter Weyland is honored with the Nobel Peace prize in Science for his extraordinary atmospheric work over the polar ice cap. [8]
  • December 19th: Using capital from his 2015 success, Weyland acquires copyrights to technology developed by NASA's innovative but poorly funded Project Prometheus. With Weyland's significantly augmented funding for the project, JIMO became a reality and proves the existence of simple life in Europa's ocean. [8]
• 2018 AD
  • Unknown date: A Predator spaceship crashes in Mexico and U.S. Army Ranger Quinn McKenna and a group of PTSD-afflicted soldiers work together to take down a pair of Predators, including a genetically enhanced Ultimate Predator, and prevent a possible invasion of the planet while the successor organization to OWLF, Project Stargazer (with connections to Yutani Corporation), seeks to capture and study the Predators. [12]
• 2022 AD
  • June 1st: Scientists from the Health Division identify the genetic chain of events for 98% of cancers. Using genetically-altered cells as well as elements found beyond Earth's heavens, Weyland successfully deploys an effective cure for almost all cancers. [8]
• 2023 AD
  • February 4th: Sir Peter Weyland is awarded the Nobel Peace prize in Medicine for his cancer cure. [8]
  • February 28th: In a now legendary TED Talk, Sir Peter Weyland clarifies his vision for Weyland Industries, laying the groundwork for the next 50 years of Building Better Worlds. [8]
  • August 5th: Weyland Industries earns patent number 8,128,899 for Method and Apparatus for cybernetic individuals for use in scientific and industrial environments. [8]
• 2024 AD
  • May 10th: Weyland military engineers make first significant improvement to rifling technology since the 19th century, tripling speed and doubling accuracy of projectiles. Exact rifling pattern and twist rate remain classified. [8]
  • September 6th: Weyland Industries makes first foray into the luxury goods market with its Holographic Environment Simulator. It is the first HES able to accurately recreate the aesthetic, mood and sounds of any place in the known world, as well as provide live video feed from any calibrated receiver. [8]
  • September 10th: Weyland Industries introduces first rifle (the Weyland Storm Rifle) able to track targets from over 500 klicks away, as well as determine target's health, physique and whether they can be locked down. [8]
• 2025 AD
  • January 7th: Weyland manufactures the first advanced android prototype model of its kind. He is affectionately called David 1, a name Sir Peter Weyland had initially reserved for his own human son. [8]
• 2026 AD
  • March 22nd: Weyland Industries earns patent number 9,158,239 for a chemical composition (an advanced polyurethane compound) of classified properties able to almost perfectly replicate the biological features and texture of human skin. [8]
  • June 3rd: Weyland Industries earns patent number 10,445,075 for Method and Apparatus for self-adjusting crosshairs that auto-process windage, Coriolis effect, trajectory, etc. -- eliminating the need for spotters and mathematical formulas. [8]
  • September 30th: Weyland acquires the world's largest public biotech firm, significantly bolstering the company's biotech holdings. [8]
  • November 18th: Weyland privatizes NASA's famous Kepler mission, increases its funding 10-fold and within the year discovers 6,546 more bio-compatible planets. [8]
• 2028 AD
  • January 1st: Weyland makes significant adjustments to the David 2 android prototype, facilitating David's first interaction with humans. This initial meeting is very promising. [8]
  • March 31st: Weyland Industries becomes first company in history to achieve a market capitalization of $100 billion in five years. [8]
  • May 20th: Weyland labs in San Francisco discover the body's ability to hypersleep (or stasis function) – the complete cessation of life processes, which can be restarted when stasis is removed. The search for a practical application begins. [8]
• 2029 AD
  • August 9th: Weyland Industries earns patent number 11,280,599 for Method and Apparatus for a device that enhances the capacity of an extraterrestrial planetary environment to support life; effectively the first fully-automated atmospheric processor. This patent is expected to make the founder's famous boast a reality: “There are other worlds than this one, and if there is no air to breathe, we will simply have to make it.” [8]
  • September 18th: Europe's nuclear research co-operative (CERN) runs out of government funding. Weyland acquires the organization as well as their largest particle accelerator and other facilities. [8]
  • December 12th: After years of litigation, Weyland wins the David patent lawsuit against the Japanese start-up Yutani Corporation, effectively protecting the investments of both Weyland Industries and its shareholders. [8]
• 2030 AD
  • Unknown date: The Predator known as "Scarface" is offered a chance for redemption by his clan-members as humans have been using the technology that he left behind on Earth in 1930 to destroy and capture other Predators and to wage mob warfare, culminating in the formation of Neonopolis, the successor to New Way City. The warring mob factions all pay tribute to Lucretia Borgia, daughter of Hunter Borgia and granddaughter of Bruno Borgia (who Scarface faced and killed in 1930). Scarface battles the mob in order to recover the stolen Predator technology and take control over the new city, eventually facing MOTHER, the computer that controls the city, controlled by his old adversary Isabella Borgia who releases a batch of Xenomorphs on Scarface before he ends up killing her along with her son Hunter, which in turn killed his own daughter Lucretia after having genetically enhanced himself with Predator DNA and gone insane. Scarface takes Hunter's head and declares the city as belonging to the Predator. Later, a man referred to as Mr. Weyland buys out Borgia Industries along with the new MOTHER computer, now run by Lucretia. [5]
  • July 27th: Weyland Industries earns patent number 12,004,556 for Method and Apparatus for a device (the Hypersleep Chamber) that can initiate, monitor and terminate hypersleep. HCs revolutionize space travel permitting increasingly longer, more advanced missions and enabling unprecedented discovery. [8]
• 2031 AD
  • August 10th: Terraforming begins on Luna with plans for multiple settlements. [8]
• 2032 AD
  • April 3rd: Weyland acquires four of the largest existing defense conglomerates in the world. These major acquisitions significantly bolsters multinational defense, security, and aerospace technology holdings. [8]
  • May 20th: Weyland scientists discover the inverse relationship between velocity and the flow of time making the long sought-after concept of faster than light travel a reality. The search for practical application begins. [8]
• 2033 AD
  • July 4th: Weyland creates new 5.56 millimeter round made of metals mined from the circumstellar habitable zone planets orbiting within Gliese 581 capable of traveling at max velocity in any atmosphere at any range. [8]
  • October 4th: Weyland Corp's one millionth employee is hired. His name is Dr. Richard Post and he serves as Chief Statistician to the Electronics Division. [8]
• 2034 AD
  • January 17th: Weyland Industries introduces the first FTL-capable SEV (space exploration vehicle), the Heliades. [8]
• 2035 AD
  • May 11th: The National Science Foundation (NSF) lifts restrictions on the commercial use of David androids. [8]
  • June 30th: After android regulations are lifted, the third generation David is deployed internally in order to test human acceptance of cybernetics individuals. Results are encouraging. [8]
  • July 21st: Weyland Industries opens several new offices across the globe expanding corporate presence to Greece, Antarctica, El Salvador, and South Africa to name a few. [8]
• 2036 AD
  • August 25th: Weyland Industries launches the Explorers Academy -- an alternative grad school for underprivileged college students interested in the fields of biotech, nanotech, cybernetics and terraforming. Top graduates of the program are offered positions at Weyland Industries. [8]
• 2037 AD
  • December 15th: Fortune 500 names Weyland Industries number one on their list of “10 best companies to work for.” [8]
  • December 21st: Weyland astronomers note an area of space appearing very rich in minerals and other natural resources. Weyland expected to travel there within the century. [8]
• 2038 AD
  • July 4th: Weyland Industries becomes chief employer of Asian Conflict veterans supplying 35% with steady work. [8]
• 2039 AD
  • March 2nd: Weyland Industries earns patent number 13,345,075 for Method and Apparatus for an add-on feature (Auto-Compensation) to Weyland Storm capable of compensating for composition, density, pressure and refractive index of any atmosphere. [8]
  • May 28th: Using the Weyland Atmospheric Processor, the first functional and breathable atmosphere is produced on planet GJ 667Cc clearing the way for further terraforming activities on other planets. [8]
  • May 14th: Weyland astronomers discover multiple moons (including Acheron LV-426) and a ringed planet just outside the Zeta 2 Reticula System, which are possibly able to support life. Weyland expects to travel there within the century. [8]
• 2042 AD
  • April 1st: David 4 becomes the first commercially available model of the David series. He is eventually expected to improve work-flow and efficiency at offices and homes across the world. [8]
  • August 18th: Weyland Industries awarded government contract to build and maintain HD 85512 b Class E Correctional Unit. Prisoners from Earth and other facilities are successfully relocated, and many have since been rehabilitated into society. [8]
• 2042 AD
  • November 20th: Weyland Industries writes $5 billion check to Little Explorers -- a charity dedicated to the education of troubled middle school students interested in science and technology. [8]
• 2051 AD
  • April 19th: Weyland Industries makes essential updates to on-planet transport. The new vehicle (the RT01 Group Transport) is capable of traversing any known terrain and has virtually no weight limit for cargo, passengers and equipment. [8]
• 2052 AD
  • February 14th: Weyland Industries earns patent number 14,524,002 for Method and Apparatus for first manned land-vehicle (the ATV NR6) capable of negotiating vertical surfaces. This technology permits Weyland scientists and terraforming teams to reach previously inaccessible destinations. [8]
  • July 7th: Weyland makes significant intellectual and emotional updates to the David 5 android, further increasing human acceptance. [8]
• 2055 AD
  • August 1st: NAFE (National Association for Female Executives) names Weyland Industries a Top 50 Company for Executive Women. [8]
• 2056 AD
  • January 29th: Weyland Industries earns patent number 15,725,924 for Method and Apparatus for a mechanised exo-skeleton (the Power Loader) used for lifting and moving heavy objects such as crates and vehicle weaponry. [8]
• 2057 AD
  • May 6th: Weyland Industries earns patent number 15,999,127 for Method and Apparatus for an ejectable luxury lifeboat pod able to sustain one human life for up to 50 years. [8]
• 2059 AD
  • July 22nd: Weyland introduces unique expedition security apparatus (or Portable Decontamination Pack) able to decontaminate indoor and outdoor environments. Apparatus mines surrounding air for flammable compounds, making it ultra light-weight as well as self-replenishing. [8]
• 2060 AD
  • August 9th: Weyland Industries introduces revolutionary, game-changing language tool (the Broca Dialectical Implant). It is the first-ever to require no actual learning on the consumer's behalf. [8]
• 2061 AD
  • September 2nd: Weyland Industries earns patent number 16,572,092 for Method and Apparatus for the first fully-automated diagnosis and surgical station (the Medpod 720I). [8]
• 2062 AD
  • February 26th: Only 7% of humans can recognize the sixth generation of David as a cybernetic individual. [8]
• 2063 AD
  • December 1st: Weyland Industries earns patent number 17,900,353 for Method and Apparatus for an antigravity device (the Spectagraph) that 3D live-maps any foreign terrain, revolutionizing the pre-process of terraforming and developing new colonies. [8]
• 2064 AD
  • August 11th: Significantly upgraded space suit includes a variety of Weyland patented features, such as cadium exo-skeleton; info display with mission details; vitals: environmental stats and more. [8]
• 2065 AD
  • June 23rd: Sir Peter Weyland Memorial Library built in Washington, DC. [8]
  • November 20th: As Weyland Industries expands their terraforming activities and colonial endeavors, the company is approached by the US government to begin work on the formation of a colonial peacekeeping force trained or populated by marines in the event of future conflict. [8]
• 2066 AD
  • April 7th: As production costs for the David series decreases, Weyland Industries is increasingly able to extend those savings to everyday consumers, leading to remarkable proliferation of the product. [8]
• 2068 AD
  • July 6th: Weyland builds and successfully deploys thousands of Seventh Generation Davids into workplaces across the universe. Human acceptance of David 7 reaches an all-time high thanks to Weyland's highly classified emotional encoding technology, David 7 can accurately replicate most human emotions down to the tiniest nuance while consistently achieving all mission objectives. [8]
• 2069 AD
  • July 13th: Samuel Brett is born in Houston, Texas, United States. [13]
• 2070 AD
  • June 30th: Since FDA approval, one dozen Medpods have been produced with tens of thousands on back order. [8]
• 2071 AD
  • May 13th: Weyland Industries becomes Worldwide Olympic Partner and official “Cybernetics Company” of the Olympic movement through 2091. [8]
  • August 16th: Weyland Industries earns patent number 18,364,003 for Method and Apparatus for device (the Synapse Reestablisher) able to temporarily restart brain activity of deceased individuals. [8]
• 2072 AD
  • March 9th: Weyland Industries consolidates all products and solutions into seven verticals: health, transportation, energy, electronics, terraforming, security and cybernetics. [8]
• 2073 AD
  • January 1st: Based on recent classified findings by Weyland researchers, the company determines the exact coordinates of a new destination for long-time pet project: Project Prometheus. New round of investment is immediately opened and mission planning enters full-swing. [8]
• 2076 AD
  • February 27th: Arthur J. Dallas is born in Wolf Point, Montana – United States. [13]
• 2080 AD
  • February 4th: Dennis Parker is born in San Diego, California, United States. [13]
• 2083 AD
  • April 20th: Thomas Kane is born in Borehamwood, Herts-UK, European Union. [13]
• 2091 AD
  • Unknown date: The Prometheus mission leaves for LV-223. [14]
• 2092 AD
  • January 7th: Ellen Ripley is born in Olympia, Luna, United States. [13]
• 2093 AD
  • November 7th: Joan Lambert is born in Ontario, Canada. [13]
  • Unknown date: Sir Peter Weyland, on a secret mission to be freed from his elderly sickly state and acquire eternal life, travels with a crew of scientists aboard the spaceship USCSS Prometheus to planet LV-223 to find the creators of mankind, called the Engineers, and ends up discovering a pathogenic mutagen with the ability to create Aliens as well as a hostile Engineer, leaving everyone in the crew dead, including Mr. Weyland, except for Doctor Elizabeth Shaw and the beheaded android David 8 who uses an Engineer Juggernaut spaceship to travel to the homeworld of the Engineers. [15]
• 2094 AD
  • Unknown date: Doctor Elizabeth Shaw sends out a transmission. [14]
• 2099 AD
  • Unknown date: The Weyland Corporation absorbs cybernetics rival Yutani; the Weyland-Yutani Corporation opens with the largest share value ever recorded on the Systems Exchange. [14]

22nd Century

• 2101 AD
  • Unknown date: The United States Colonial Marine Corps is established, through the National Security Act of 2101, with a strength of roughly 165,000 marines. [14][16]
• 2104 AD
  • Unknown date: South, Central, and North America form a financial collective, the United Americas. [14]
  • Unknown date: The colony spacecraft USCSS Covenant are traveling towards habitable planet Origae-6 when they are struck by a starburst and discover a signal from another habitable planet dubbed Planet 4 and decide to investigate it and discovers an Earth-like world filled with dead Engineers and new forms of Aliens, including the Neomorphs, being a result of a hostile David 8 android, from the Prometheus mission, having experimented with the pathogenic mutagen of the Engineers. The remaining crew members escape the planet, unknowingly having brought back David 8 to the Covenant, falsely believing him to be their own identical Walter android, ending up in him taking over the vessel, leaving the ship's colonists at his mercy and storing two Alien embryos among the ship's human embryos. [17]
• 2111 AD
  • Unknown date: Estimated date for the arrival of the USCSS Covenant on planet Origae-6. [17]
• 2116 AD
  • Unknown date: The USCSS Nostromo is constructed. [16]
  • Unknown date: Dr. Lucien Keitel finds traces of Aliens about 1.6 billion years old in Australia's Great Desert. [18]
• 2117 AD
  • Unknown date: After nearly a hundred years without a recorded incident, Predators attack a thousand-men-strong human colony on planet Midnight. [19]
• 2121 AD
  • June 12th: USCSS Nostromo is scheduled to departure from Thedus in 0600 hours. Captain Dallas sends a relay message received by Sevastopol Station informing of their departure.[13][20]
• 2122 AD
  • Unknown date: The crew of the USCSS Nostromo, under contract with the Weyland-Yutani Corporation, are awakened from hypersleep to investigate a distress signal coming from the moon Acheron LV-426 in the Zeta 2 Reticuli System. Eventually they discover a crashed Engineer Juggernaut dubbed "the Derelict" and one of the crew-members, Kane, encounters Alien Ovomorphs and a Facehugger attaches itself to him. The resulting Alien hunts the crew, killing them one-by-one, and is faced by the lone survivor Warrant Officer Ellen Ripley, eventually discovering her crew-mate Ash is an android ordered to protect the Alien according to Weyland-Yutani's Special Order 937. Ripley escapes the ship on the lifeboat Narcissus after activating the self-destruct system of the Nostromo. Ripley soon discovers the Alien is on board the escape pod with her and she ends up ejecting it through the hatch, after which she enters into cryosleep. [21]
• 2124 AD
  • Unknown date: Seegson Corporation executives arrive on Sevastopol Station to reenergize the station, transforming it into a cosmopolitan hub. Some time later, the rerouting of the Sol-Thedus flight path decreases the activity on Sevastopol and the station was scheduled for decommission with its inhabitants gradually reduced to a skeleton crew. [20]
• 2130 AD
  • Unknown date: Cofounded by the Weyland-Yutani Corporation, Gateway Station is constructed. [14]
• 2137 AD
  • November 11th: H. Marlow arrives at Sevastopol Station on board the salvage vessel Anesidora requesting emergency medical attention for his wife C. Foster, who was attacked by an Alien Facehugger. Chief Marshal Waits chooses to skip quarantine procedures because the Anesidora have discovered the Nostromo flight recorder and it means a cut of the reward for the station's crew. [20]
  • November 13th: Dr. Lingard uploads a video log stating the Alien Facehugger parasite has done something to patient zero, Marlow's wife. [20]
  • November 14th: An Alien Chestburster hatches from C. Foster, killing her. Dr. Lingard signs her death certificate and cites her cause of death as classified. Marshal Waits and his men starts to hunt the creature with the intention of killing it. With the Xenomorph killing people, Seegson Corporation puts the station up for sale, making sure possible buyers know nothing about the situation aboard. [20]
  • November 21st: Weyland-Yutani purchased the Sevastopol Station and sent APOLLO new operational directives, including Special Order 939. [20]
  • Unknown date: Civilian engineer Amanda Ripley, daughter of Lieutenant Ellen Ripley, encounters an Alien at Sevastopol Station. [14]
• 2157 AD
  • Unknown date: Hadley's Hope, a Weyland-Yutani terraforming colony, is established on Acheron LV-426. [14]
• 2159 AD
  • Unknown date: An Alien outbreak occurs on planet LV-178 when trimonite miners unearth a Drukathi ship housing Alien Ovomorphs. The Narcissus, guided by the preserved consciousness of Ash, docks with the mining vessel Marion in an effort to obtain a living sample of the species to complete Special Order 937. Ellen Ripley helps the surviving miners gather supplies to get them away from LV-178 aboard the Marion, but all except Ripley and Chris "Hoop" Hooper survive. Ripley is safely sent away aboard the Narcissus with her memory of the experience wiped, while Hoop escapes on a second vessel with a slimmer chance of rescue. [22]
• 2165 AD
  • Unknown date: The Tientsin (Eta Boötis A III) campaign is fought by the U.S. Colonial Marines with a strength of 240,000 marines at the end of the campaign. [16]
• 2169 AD
  • Unknown date: The Marine 70 program is established late 2169 or early 2170 with the abandonment of the "triangular" system for a "pair" or "buddy" system, allowing more mobile and fast operations with "faster and meaner" teams. These changes include the use of two pair teams, one smartgun team and one rifle team, as well as the use of the UD4-L gunship and the introduction of the M577 APC. [16]
  • Unknown date: The M41A Pulse Rifle enters into service as a standard rifle. [16]
• 2171 AD
  • Unknown date: The Bishop AP model is introduced, designed by Michael Bishop Weyland in the likeness of Charles Bishop Weyland, the original founder of Weyland Industries who discovered an ancient pyramid of tremendous importance on Bouvet island, Antarctica, and met his fate in the same location. [9][14]
• 2176 AD
  • Unknown date: Colonel James Mortimer of the USASF, holds a STARTAC introductory seminar at the USCM staff college. [16]
• 2179 AD
  • Unknown date: The Narcissus is discovered floating in space 57 years later, and Ellen Ripley is brought to a medical space station orbiting Earth, where she's offered and accepts to follow a team of US Colonial Marines aboard the USS Sulaco on a mission to eradicate the Aliens attacking a Weyland-Yutani colony on Acheron LV-426, eventually discovering a 12-year-old girl named Newt as the sole survivor who helps them navigate the location. Weyland-Yutani, represented by Carter Burke, is revealed to be attempting to acquire specimens of these Aliens. Eventually, Ripley, Newt, Corporal Hicks, and android Bishop escapes the colony before it's destroyed in a nuclear explosion, seemingly eliminating the Aliens and the recently discovered Alien Queen, only to find the Alien Queen having been brought back to the Sulaco where Ripley battles it with a Power Loader and ejects it into space. Ripley and the survivors subsequently enters cryosleep. [23]
  • Unknown date: An Alien Ovomorph left on board the Sulaco causes the fire-detection system to place Ripley and the survivors of the LV-426 incident to be placed into an escape pod which crashes on prison planet Fiorina "Fury" 161, leaving Ripley as the sole survivor. She finds herself trying to eliminate an Alien set loose in the prison compound while being discovered to contain an Alien Queen embryo in her chest. Weyland-Yutani representatives, including Michael Bishop Weyland, arrives on the planet to collect the Alien specimens, only to find the Alien has been killed and Ripley ends up sacrificing herself in molten lead to stop the company from acquiring the Aliens. [6]
  • August 12th: An unnamed colonel blames Michael Bishop Weyland for the loss of the Sulaco and offers Weyland his help for a price. Space Command at O'Niell Station detects an unknown mass in the Zeta 2 Reticuli system and eventually identifies it as the Sulaco. [16]
  • September 5th: The Weyland-Yutani office on Gateway Station are made aware of the death of Carter Burke during the events at Acheron LV-426, as no data was recovered and the Bioweapons Division has the situation locked, and a briefing is made to discuss all the events back to 2122. [16]
  • September 11th: Weyland-Yutani dispatch an extraction team to the coordinates of the Engineer Juggernaut spaceship dubbed "the Derelict" on Acheron LV-426 and begin searching for it. Seiji Tanaka is in charge of the search party aboard of the Weyland-Yutani spacecraft Shinyo Maru. [16]
  • September 15th: The crew aboard the Shinyo Maru rediscover the Engineer Juggernaut spaceship dubbed "the Derelict" on Acheron LV-426 and recovers two Alien Ovomorphs for their Science Division, after which the Origin facility is established. [16]
  • Unknown date: The USS Sephora boards the USS Sulaco, dispatched to Acheron LV-426 17 weeks earlier, as a result of them responding to a distress call from Corporal Hicks and eventually ends up crashing to the surface of the terraformed moon with a battalion sized force. [24]

23rd Century

• 2202 AD
  • Unknown date: United Americas, EU/UK, China, Heelal Yo, and four independent Core System colonies form the United Systems. [14]
• 2219 AD
  • Unknown date: Weyland-Yutani engine core spacecraft the Geryon, transporting the command ship, the Helios, the salvage ship, the Kadmos, and the Perses, leaves for LV-223 on a mission to search for the missing Prometheus spacecraft, with Captain Angela Foster intending to finish the mission of the late Sir Peter Weyland. [14][25][26][27][28][29]
• 2220 AD
  • Unknown date: Colonial Marines on the planet Tartarus battle extraterrestrial hunters over the possession of a mysterious horseshoe-shaped spaceship of unknown origin. The Weyland-Yutani rep wants the ship, and the marine captain wants to protect her crew. [30][31][32][33][34]
• 2226 AD
  • Unknown date: United Systems Military is established. [14]
• 2291 AD
  • Unknown date: Weyland-Yutani colony at Nu Indi successfully sues for independence. [14]
• 2293 AD
  • Unknown date: Rival company Ridton markets advanced FTL drive; Weyland-Yutani loses USM contract for FTL vessels. [14]

24th Century

• 2306 AD
  • Unknown date: Artificial Persons from the Alethea Collective are granted civil rights; all cybernetics divisions suffer financial loss. [14]
• 2349 AD
  • Unknown date: Megacorporations are banned; Weyland-Yutani loses final appeal to retain designation three years later. [14]
• 2356 AD
  • Unknown date: DNA samples from an Alien-implanted human (Ellen Ripley) are rediscovered by the USM. [14]
• 2376 AD
  • Unknown date: The first auton is manufactured, an android designed by androids. [14]
• 2379 AD
  • Unknown date: Following a violent uprising on Luna/AE, autons are recalled and destroyed. [14]
• 2381 AD
  • Unknown date: A clone of Ellen Ripley, dubbed Ripley 8, is produced on the military spacecraft USM Auriga through DNA left on Fiorina 161, and a new breed of Aliens are consequently produced through hosts provided by a crew of mercenaries, including the auton named Call, on board a spaceship named the Betty. Ripley 8 and the remaining survivors escape on the Betty, along with a Newborn Alien which is soon killed off, as the Auriga crashes down to Earth, destroying all the Aliens. [30]

References

1. Predator 2 (1990), feature film
2. Predator: 1718 (1996), comic book
3. Alien vs. Predator - Unrated Edition (2004), home video
4. Alien vs. Predator (2004), novel
5. Predator: Concrete Jungle (2005), video game
6. Alien 3 (1992), feature film
7. Predator (1987), feature film
8. Weyland Industries Corporate Timeline
9. Alien vs. Predator (2004), feature film
10. Aliens vs. Predator: Requiem (2007), feature film
11. Predators (2010), feature film
12. The Predator (2018), feature film
13. Alien - Special Edition (1979), home video
14. Alien: The Weyland-Yutani Report (2016), book
15. Prometheus (2012), feature film
16. Aliens: Colonial Marines Technical Manual (2012), book
17. Alien: Covenant (2017), feature film
18. Aliens: Apocalypse (1999), comic book
19. Predator: Forever Midnight (2006), novel
20. Alien: Isolation (2014), video game
21. Alien (1979), feature film
22. Alien: Out of the Shadows (2014), novel
23. Aliens (1986), feature film
24. Aliens: Colonial Marines (2013), video game
25. Prometheus: Fire and Stone (2014), comic book
26. Aliens: Fire and Stone (2014), comic book
27. Alien vs. Predator: Fire and Stone (2014-2015), comic book
28. Predator: Fire and Stone (2014-2015), comic book
29. Prometheus: Fire and Stone - Omega (2015), comic book
30. Predator: Life and Death (2016), comic book
31. Prometheus: Life and Death (2016), comic book
32. Aliens: Life and Death (2016), comic book
33. Alien vs. Predator: Life and Death (2017), comic book
34. Prometheus: Life and Death - Final Conflict (2017), comic book
35. Alien Resurrection (1997), feature film